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Amino acid
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'''Amino acids''' are organic compounds comprise mainly from the elements carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N), although other elements are found in the side chains of certain amino acids. Because of their biological significance, amino acids are important in nutrition and are commonly used in nutritional supplements, fertilizers, and food technology. Industrial uses include the production of drugs, biodegradable plastics, and chiral catalysts. == Types == ===Branched chain amino acids=== The [[branched chain amino acid]]s (BCAAs): (BCAAs) are [[leucine]], [[isoleucine]] and [[valine]].<ref name="vanderPollch">{{Cite book | title = Guide to Nutritional Supplements | pages = 7-8|isbn=978-0-12-375661-9|edition= | volume = |language=en| title-link = | url = https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_VjxiHvdlOQC&newbks=0&lpg=PA7&pg=PA7#v=snippet&f=true|access-date= | date = 2009-09-02| publisher = Academic Press | last = van der Poll | first = MCG | author-link = | last2 = Luiking | first2 = YC | author-link2 = | last3 = Dejong | first3 = CHC | author-link3 = | last4 = Soeters | first4 = PB | author-link4 = |veditors=|others=|doi=|oclc=|quote=|archive-url=|archive-date=|location=Oxford, UK|editor-last = Caballero|editor-first = Benjamin| editor1-link = |editor-last2 = |editor-first2 = |chapter=Amino Acids}}</ref> {{See also|Branched chain amino acid}} ===Long neutral amino acids=== The long neutral amino acids (LNNAs) are [[tyrosine]], [[tryptophan]], [[threonine]], [[methionine]], [[valine]], [[isoleucine]], [[leucine]], [[histidine]] and [[phenylalanine]]. ===Essential amino acids=== The essential amino acids in humans are those which cannot be made by the body, and must be taken in from food (diet).<ref name="Lopez2022" /> The nine essential amino acids are | [[phenylalanine]], [[valine]], [[tryptophan]], [[threonine]], [[isoleucine]], [[methionine]], [[histidine]], [[leucine]], and [[lysine]].<ref name="Lopez2022">{{Cite book | title = Biochemistry, Essential Amino Acids | date = 2022 | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557845/ | last = Lopez | first = Michael J. | last2 = Mohiuddin | first2 = Shamim S.|location=Treasure Island (FL)| publisher = StatPearls Publishing|pmid=32496725}}</ref> ==ME/CFS== Several studies have found altered serum levels of amino acids in ME/CFS patients, including reduced branch chain amino acid intermediates<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Naviaux | first = Robert K. | authorlink = Robert Naviaux | last2 = Naviaux | first2 = Jane C. | last3 = Li | first3 = Kefeng | last4 = Bright | first4 = A. Taylor | last5 = Alaynick | first5 = William A. | last6 = Wang | first6 = Lin | last7 = Baxter | first7 = Asha | last8 = Nathan | first8 = Neil | last9 = Anderson | first9 = Wayne | date = 2016-08-29 | title = Metabolic features of chronic fatigue syndrome | url =https://www.pnas.org/content/113/37/E5472.short | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en | volume = 113 | issue = 37| pages = E5472βE5480|doi=10.1073/pnas.1607571113|issn=0027-8424}}</ref> (i.e., [[2-Hydoxyisocaproic acid]] (HICA)), reduced levels of BCCAs and LNNAs during exhaustion<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal | last = Georgiades | first = Evelina | last2 = Behan | first2 = Wilhelmina M.H. | last3 = Kilduff | first3 = Liam P. | last4 = Hadjicharalambous | first4 = Marios | last5 = Mackie | first5 = Eileen E. | last6 = Wilson | first6 = John | last7 = Ward | first7 = Susan A. | last8 = Pitsiladis | first8 = Yannis P. | date = Aug 2003 | title = Chronic fatigue syndrome: new evidence for a central fatigue disorder |url =https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12708966 | journal = Clinical Science (London, England: 1979) | volume = 105 | issue = 2 | pages = 213β218|doi=10.1042/CS20020354|issn=0143-5221|pmid=12708966}}</ref> and reduced levels of long chain amino acids (LNAAs) during recovery.<ref name=":0" /> One study found reduced urinary BCCA excretion.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal | last = Niblett | first = Suzanne H. | last2 = King | first2 = Katrina E. | last3 = Dunstan | first3 = R. Hugh | last4 = Clifton-Bligh | first4 = Phillip | last5 = Hoskin | first5 = Leigh A. | last6 = Roberts | first6 = Timothy K. | last7 = Fulcher | first7 = Greg R. | last8 = McGregor | first8 = Neil R. | last9 = Dunsmore | first9 = Julie C. | date = 2007-09-01 | title = Hematologic and Urinary Excretion Anomalies in Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | url =https://doi.org/10.3181/0702-RM-44 | journal = Experimental Biology and Medicine|language=en | volume = 232 | issue = 8 | pages = 1041β1049|doi=10.3181/0702-RM-44|issn=1535-3702}}</ref> {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" |+Plasma amino acids in ME/CFS patients relative to healthy controls !Amino acid !Georgiades et al (2003)<ref name=":0" /> !Jones et al (2005)<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal | last = Jones | first = Mark G. | last2 = Cooper | first2 = Elizabeth | last3 = Amjad | first3 = Saira | last4 = Goodwin | first4 = C. Stewart | last5 = Barron | first5 = Jeffrey L. | last6 = Chalmers | first6 = Ronald A. | date = 2005-11-01 | title = Urinary and plasma organic acids and amino acids in chronic fatigue syndrome | url =http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0009898105003116 | journal = Clinica Chimica Acta | volume = 361 | issue = 1 | pages = 150β158|doi=10.1016/j.cccn.2005.05.023|issn=0009-8981}}</ref> !Armstrong et al. (2012)<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Armstrong | first1 = Christopher W. | authorlink = Christopher Armstrong | last2 = McGregor | first2 = Neil R. | author-link2 = Neil McGregor | last3 = Sheedy | first3 = John R. | author-link3 = | last4 = Buttfield | first4 = Ianauthor-link4= | last5 = Butt | first5 = Henry L. | author-link5 = Henry Butt | last6 = Gooley | first6 = Paul R. | author-link6 = Paul Gooley | title = NMR metabolic profiling of serum identifies amino acid disturbances in chronic fatigue syndrome | journal = Clinica Chimica Acta | volume = 413 | issue = 19β20| page=1525β1531 | date = 2012|doi=10.1016/j.cca.2012.06.022}}</ref> ! ! |- |[[beta-alanine]] | | | | | |- |Aspartate | | | | | |- |Glutamate | | | | | |- |Asparagine | | | | | |- |Hydroxyproline | | | | | |- |Serine | | | | | |- |Glycine | | | | | |- |Glutamine | | |Reduced | | |- |[[Taurine]] | |Reduced | | | |- |[[Histidine]] | |Reduced |Reduced | | |- |Citrulline | | | | | |- |Threonine | | | | | |- |Alanine | | | | | |- |Arginine | | | | | |- |Proline | | | | | |- |[[a-aminobutyric acid]] | |Reduced | | | |- |[[Tyrosine]] |Reduced (at rest, exercise, exhaustion, recovery) |Reduced | | | |- |'''Branched chain amino acids''' |Reduced (exhaustion) | | | | |- |'''Long neutral amino acids''' |Reduced (exhaustion, recovery) | | | | |- |Isoleucine | | | | | |- |Valine | | | | | |- |Leucine | | | | | |- |Methionine | | | | | |- |Cystine | | | | | |- |b-amino-isobutyric acid | | | | | |- |Phenylalanine | | | | | |- |Ornithine | | |Reduced | | |- |Lysine | | | | | |} {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" |+Urinary amino acids in ME/CFS patients relative to healthy controls !Amino acid !Jones et al (2005)<ref name=":2" /> !Niblet et al (2007)<ref name=":1" /> ! |- |b -alanine |Reduced | | |- |Aspartate | | | |- |Glutamate | | | |- |Asparagine | |Reduced | |- |Hydroxyproline |Reduced | | |- |Serine | | | |- |Glycine | | | |- |Glutamine | | | |- |Taurine | | | |- |Histidine |Reduced |Increased | |- |Citrulline | | | |- |Threonine | | | |- |Alanine | | | |- |Arginine | | | |- |Proline | | | |- |a-aminobutyric acid | | | |- |Tyrosine | |Increased | |- |Valine | | | |- |Methionine |Reduced | | |- |Cystine |Reduced | | |- |Isoleucine | | | |- |Leucine | | | |- |b-amino-isobutyric acid | | | |- |Phenylalanine |Reduced |Reduced | |- |Ornithine | | | |- |Lysine | | | |- |'''Branched chain amino acids''' | |Reduced | |} ==See also== ==Learn more== ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Amino acids]] [[Category:Supplements]]
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