Atlantoaxial instability: Difference between revisions
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Atlantoaxial instability (AAI) is characterized by excessive movement at the junction between the atlas (C1) and axis (C2) as a result of either a | Atlantoaxial instability (AAI) is characterized by excessive movement at the junction between the atlas (C1) and axis (C2) as a result of either a bone or ligament abnormality. | ||
It can be caused by congenital conditions, inflammatory conditions like [[rheumatoid arthritis]], as a result of physical trauma, or infection.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2019-11-10|title=Atlantoaxial Instability: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology|url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1265682-overview}}</ref> | |||
It often co-occurs with [[craniocervical instability]] (CCI). | |||
In individuals without predisposing conditions, it is thought to be extremely rare.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Lacy|first=Jordan|last2=Gillis|first2=Christopher C.|date=2019|title=Atlantoaxial Instability|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519563/|location=Treasure Island (FL)|publisher=StatPearls Publishing|pmid=30137847}}</ref> | |||
== Symptoms == | |||
== Risk factors and causes == | |||
=== Congenital causes === | |||
=== Rheumatoid arthritis === | |||
Chronic inflammation can cause laxity and stretching of the transverse ligament, the formation of a pannus, as well as bone erosion.<ref name=":0" /> | |||
=== Grisel’s syndrome === | |||
Grisel’s syndrome occurs following inflammation of the soft tissue as a consequence of infection or surgery. It is primarily seen in patients ages 5-12 but can also be seen in adults.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2019-11-10|title=Atlantoaxial Instability: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology|url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1265682-overview#a3}}</ref> | |||
== Diagnosis == | |||
AAI is defined as an atlantodental (or atlantodens or atlas-dens) interval (ADI) of greater than 3 mm in adults and of greater than 5 mm in children as measured on plain radiography. The ADI is the distance between the odontoid process and the posterior border of the anterior arch of the atlas. | |||
== Treatment == | |||
== See also == | |||
* [[Craniocervical instability]] | |||
Learn more | |||
== References == | |||
Revision as of 05:16, December 10, 2019
Atlantoaxial instability (AAI) is characterized by excessive movement at the junction between the atlas (C1) and axis (C2) as a result of either a bone or ligament abnormality.
It can be caused by congenital conditions, inflammatory conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, as a result of physical trauma, or infection.[1]
It often co-occurs with craniocervical instability (CCI).
In individuals without predisposing conditions, it is thought to be extremely rare.[2]
Symptoms[edit | edit source]
Risk factors and causes[edit | edit source]
Congenital causes[edit | edit source]
Rheumatoid arthritis[edit | edit source]
Chronic inflammation can cause laxity and stretching of the transverse ligament, the formation of a pannus, as well as bone erosion.[2]
Grisel’s syndrome[edit | edit source]
Grisel’s syndrome occurs following inflammation of the soft tissue as a consequence of infection or surgery. It is primarily seen in patients ages 5-12 but can also be seen in adults.[3]
Diagnosis[edit | edit source]
AAI is defined as an atlantodental (or atlantodens or atlas-dens) interval (ADI) of greater than 3 mm in adults and of greater than 5 mm in children as measured on plain radiography. The ADI is the distance between the odontoid process and the posterior border of the anterior arch of the atlas.
Treatment[edit | edit source]
See also[edit | edit source]
Learn more
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ "Atlantoaxial Instability: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology". November 10, 2019. Cite journal requires
|journal=(help) - ↑ 2.0 2.1 Lacy, Jordan; Gillis, Christopher C. (2019). "Atlantoaxial Instability". Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID 30137847. Cite journal requires
|journal=(help) - ↑ "Atlantoaxial Instability: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology". November 10, 2019. Cite journal requires
|journal=(help)
