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Autopsy in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis
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== Brain == === Enteroviruses === Three post-mortem studies have found [[enterovirus]] infections in the [[brains]] of [[myalgic encephalomyelitis]] / [[chronic fatigue syndrome]] patients: ==== McGarry 1994 study ==== In 1994 McGarry, Gow and [[Peter Behan|Behan]] published an autopsy study<ref name="pmid8172448">{{cite journal | author=McGarry| title=Enterovirus in the chronic fatigue syndrome | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 1994 | volume= 120 | issue= 11 | pages = 972-3 | pmid=8172448 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8172448 | first = F | date = |via= | last2 = Gow | first2 = J | last3 = Behan | first3 = PO | author-link3 = Peter Behan}}</ref> of a 30 year old female who had [[ME/CFS]] for 5 years and died of complications after a suicide attempt. Brain samples were obtained from the frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital cortices and from the mid-brain, [[hypothalamus]] and brainstem. Using PCR, [[enteroviral]] [[RNA]] was found in the heart, [[muscle]]s, hypothalamus and brainstem of this patient. The RNA showed an 83% homology to [[Coxsackievirus B3|coxsackie B3 virus]]. Control tissue samples taken from 8 brains (four patients who died of cerebrovascular diseases, and four others who had depression and died by suicide) showed no evidence of enteroviral RNA. ==== Richardson 2001 study ==== The [[John Richardson]] 2001 study<ref name="Richardson2011">{{cite journal | last1 = Richardson | first1 = J. | title = Viral Isolation from Brain in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis | journal = Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | volume = 9 | issue = 3-4| year = 2001 | pages = 15–19|issn=1057-3321|doi=10.1300/J092v09n03_03 | url = https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J092v09n03_03 | date = |via= | author-link = John Richardson}}</ref> examined the brain tissues of a male ME/CFS patient who died from suicide by hanging. This patient had high titers to [[coxsackie B1 virus]], and also titers to [[Coxsackievirus B4|coxsackie B4 virus]]. Brain tissue samples were sent to Professor [[James Mowbray]], who used immunoperoxidase staining with monoclonal antibody D8/1 to detect enteroviral VP1 protein. Enterovirus VP1 protein was found in fibroblasts in the adventitia of small blood vessels in the cerebral cortex, and there was a patchy distribution of the VP1 protein in a small fraction of the [[glial cells]]. Note that most glial cells are astrocytes, and one study found [[coxsackie B]] virus can create a persistent infection in human astrocyte cells lines,<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Zhang | first = Xiaowei | last2 = Zheng | first2 = Zhenhua | last3 = Shu | first3 = Bo | last4 = Liu | first4 = Xijuan | last5 = Zhang | first5 = Zhenfeng | last6 = Liu | first6 = Yan | last7 = Bai | first7 = Bingke | last8 = Hu | first8 = Qinxue | last9 = Mao | first9 = Panyong | date = 2013-11-15 | title = Human Astrocytic Cells Support Persistent Coxsackievirus B3 Infection | url =https://jvi.asm.org/content/87/22/12407 | journal = Journal of Virology|language=en | volume = 87 | issue = 22 | pages = 12407–12421|doi=10.1128/JVI.02090-13|issn=0022-538X|pmc=3807905|pmid=24027313|via=}}</ref> and another found coxsackie B virus can replicate in the astrocytes of mice brains.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Zeng | first = Jun | last2 = Wang | first2 = Gefei | last3 = Li | first3 = Weizhong | last4 = Zhang | first4 = Dangui | last5 = Chen | first5 = Xiaoxuan | last6 = Xin | first6 = Gang | last7 = Jiang | first7 = Zhiwu | last8 = Li | first8 = Kangsheng| date = 2013 | title = Induction of cytopathic effect and cytokines in coxsackievirus B3-infected murine astrocytes |url =https://virologyj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1743-422X-10-157 | journal = Virology Journal|language=en | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | pages = 157|doi=10.1186/1743-422x-10-157|issn=1743-422X|pmc=3680086|pmid=23693026|via=}}</ref> ==== Chia 2015 study ==== A | 2015 study<ref name=":0">{{Cite web | url = https://forums.phoenixrising.me/index.php?threads/are-infections-just-a-trigger-of-me-cfs-or-an-ongoing-cause-of-me-cfs.37549/page-25#post-632251 | title = Chronic enterovirus infection in a patient with myalgic encephalomyelitis / chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) – clinical, virologic and pathological analysis. John Chia, David Wang, Andrew Chia, Rabiha El-Habbal. 2015. Presented at the 19th International Picornavirus Meeting, 2016. | date = |access-date= | website = | last = | first = |archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=}}</ref> by [[John Chia]] looked at the brain tissues of another ME/CFS patient, a 23 year old male with high titers to [[echovirus]] 11 who who committed suicide 6 years after the onset of symptoms. Using Western blot, Chia found evidence of enterovirus infection in the pontomedullary junction and midbrain (both are in the brainstem), medial temporal lobe, lateral frontal cortex, occipital lobe and cerebellum. And by RT-PCR, Chia found enterovirus RNA in the frontal cortex, pontomedullary junction. When the virus was sequenced, they found a 92% homology to CVB2, and about 86% to echovirus 30.<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.investinme.org/IIMEC10.shtml | title = Dr John Chia's presentation at the Invest in ME London Conference 2015 (available on DVD), timecode 27:32. | last = | first = | date = | website = | archive-url = | archive-date = |url-status = | access-date=}}</ref> Interestingly enough, the first time Chia used RT-PCR to find enterovirus RNA in this patient's brain tissue, he got a negative result. But Chia remembered a phenomenon whereby viral RNA may bind to chromosomal [[DNA]], preventing RT-PCR from detecting the RNA. So Chia used the DNase [[enzyme]] to digest the chromosomal DNA in the brain tissue, and after doing this, he was able to find enterovirus RNA in the frontal cortex and pontomedullary junction.<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.investinme.org/IIMEC10.shtml | title = Dr John Chia's presentation at the Invest in ME London Conference 2015 (available on DVD), timecode 26:46 | date = |access-date= | website = | last = | first = | archive-url = | archive-date = |url-status = | quote=So when we did our RT-PCR again it's completely negative. That's the positive control here, negative control here. Then we remembered one phenomena: so we actually use the DNase to try to digest any chromosomal DNA off this RNA. We think they are attached like this. Then we repeated the RT-PCR: then we saw the band here, for the pontomedullaryjunction, and this one's the frontal cortex, here's the positive strand, the positive control and negative control. Then we sequenced it: this is our top band for the pontomedullary junction, OK, and that's clearly different from the positive control. And that was about 92% homology to CVB2, about 86% to echovirus 30.}}</ref> Dr Chia points out that an enterovirus infection in the stomach can travel along the [[vagus nerve]] (via reverse axonal transport) and reach the brainstem in around 3 days. In this way, the virus can bypass the [[blood-brain barrier]], and enter into the brainstem, infecting the brain.<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=obHtCwhg3-0&t=2m20s | title = Dr John Chia's presentation at the State of Knowledge Workshop on ME/CFS, National Institutes of Health, April 2011, day 1, part 1, timecode 2:20. | date = |access-date= | website = | last = | first = |archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=}}</ref> Chia also questions the common wisdom that in brain infection, you will find the virus in the cerebrospinal fluid: he points out this is not always true in the case of enterovirus, because even in acute enterovirus 71 infection, only 5% of the cerebrospinal fluid samples are positive, and ME/CFS does not involve an acute brain infection, but rather a chronic one. Dr Chia points out that in ME/CFS, enterovirus infections are found in the tissues, not really so much in the blood and fluids.<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BO-yxqZuXTY&t=9m34s | title = Dr John Chia's presentation at the State of Knowledge Workshop on ME/CFS, National Institutes of Health, April 2011, day 1, part 2, timecode 9:33. | last = | first = | date = | website = | archive-url = | archive-date = |url-status = | access-date=}}</ref> This is because the persistent enterovirus infections found in the tissues of ME/CFS patients are of the aberrant [[non-cytolytic enterovirus]] form. The following table summarizes the areas of the brains of ME/CFS patients in which enterovirus infection was found post-mortem: {| class="wikitable" cellpadding="0" !Brain Study !Date !Enterovirus Infected Areas in Red !Enterovirus Testing Method !Areas Of Brain Found Infected With Enterovirus |- style="background-color: white;" |McGarry, Gow and Behan <ref name="pmid8172448" /> |1994 |[[File:Brain Small McGarry Brain Autopsy.jpg|frameless|200x200px]] |PCR |Hypothalamus and brainstem. |- style="background-color: white;" |John Richardson <ref name="Richardson2011" /> |2001 |[[File:Brain Small Richardson Brain Autopsy.jpg|frameless|200x200px]] |VP1 protein stain |Fibroblasts in the adventitia of small blood vessels in the cerebral cortex, and also in a small fraction of the glial cells. |- style="background-color: white;" | rowspan="2" |John Chia <ref name=":0" /> | rowspan="2" |2015 | rowspan="2" |[[File:Brain Small Chia Brain Autopsy.jpg|frameless|200x200px]] |Western blot |Pontomedullary junction and midbrain (both are in the brainstem), medial temporal lobe, lateral frontal cortex, occipital lobe and cerebellum. |- style="background-color: white;" |RT-PCR |Frontal cortex, pontomedullary junction. |} === Herpesviruses === ==== Prusty 2022 study ==== Dr Bhupesh K Prusty and colleagues in a post-mortem study found evidence of active HHV-6 infection in the brain tissues of 2 out of 3 ME/CFS patients, whereas none of the 3 controls had active HHV-6 infection in their brain tissues.<ref>{{Cite journal | title = Tissue specific signature of HHV-6 infection in ME/CFS| date = 2022 | url = https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmolb.2022.1044964 | journal = Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences | volume = 9 | last = Kasimir | first =Francesca | last2=Toomey | first2 = Danny | last3 = Liu | first3 = Zheng | last4 = Kaiping | first4 = Agnes C. | last5 = Ariza | first5 = Maria Eugenia | last6 = Prusty | first6 = Bhupesh K.|doi=10.3389/fmolb.2022.1044964/full|issn=2296-889X}}</ref> *
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