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Cardiovascular system
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The '''cardiovascular system''', also called the circulatory system or the vascular system, is an organ system that permits [[blood]] to circulate and transport nutrients (such as [[amino acid]]s and [[electrolytes]]), [[oxygen]], carbon dioxide, [[hormone]]s, and [[blood]] cells to and from the cells in the body to provide nourishment and help in fighting diseases, stabilize temperature and pH, and maintain [[homeostasis]]. It also includes includes the [[lymphatic system]], which circulates [[lymph]]. [[Autonomic nervous system]] dysfunction resulting in [[orthostatic intolerance]] (e.g., [[postural orthostatic tachycardia]] and [[orthostatic hypotension]]), [[low blood volume]], [[preload failure]] and other circulatory issues are all thought to contribute to the symptoms of [[myalgic encephalomyelitis|ME]]. ==ME/CFS== Numerous cardiac abnormalities have been documented in [[Myalgic Encephalomyelitis]] and [[Chronic Fatigue Syndrome]] patients. These include smaller than normal [[left ventricle]] of the [[heart]]<ref>Miwa K., [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24736946 "Cardiac dysfunction and orthostatic intolerance in patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis and a small left ventricle"] ''Heart Vessels'', July 2015</ref><ref>Hollingsworth K.G [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/enhanced/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02429.x/ "Impaired cardiac function in chronic fatigue syndrome measured using magnetic resonance cardiac tagging"] ''J Intern Med'' 2012; 271: 264β270.</ref> and low cardiac output.<ref>Miwa K., Fujita M., [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19881233 "Cardiovascular dysfunction with low cardiac output due to a small heart in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome"] ''Intern Med'', 2009;48(21):1849-54</ref><ref>Miwa K, Fujita M., [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/enhanced/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02429.x/ "Small Heart With Low Cardiac Output for Orthostatic Intolerance in Patients With Chronic Fatigue Syndrome"] ''Clinical Cardiology'', Volume 34, Issue 12, 2011</ref> A 2016 study in the [[Netherlands]] was the first to use contrast-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging in assessing cardiac involvement in women who have CFS. Twelve women were recruited from a specialised CFS centre who had a diagnosis of CFS based on the [[Fukuda criteria]]. Thirty-six age- and gender-matched controls were also included. The conclusions were that in patients with CFS, cardiac magnetic resonance demonstrated lower left ventricle dimensions and a mildly reduced left ventricle function. Heart wall motion abnormalities and the presence of myocardial fibrosis were observed in some CFS patients.<ref name="Olimulder, 2016" /> Reduced cardiac volumes have been associated with blood volume, but not length of disease.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal | last = Blamire | first = Andrew M. | last2 = MacGowan | first2 = Guy | last3 = Maclachlan | first3 = Laura | last4 = Hodgson | first4 = Tim | last5 = Frith | first5 = James | last6 = Petrides | first6 = George | last7 = Finkelmeyer | first7 = Andreas | last8 = Newton | first8 = Julia L. | date = 2016-06-01 | title = Reduced cardiac volumes in chronic fatigue syndrome associate with plasma volume but not length of disease: a cohort study | url = https://openheart.bmj.com/content/3/1/e000381 | journal = Open Heart|language=en | volume = 3 | issue = 1| pages = e000381|doi=10.1136/openhrt-2015-000381|issn=2053-3624}}</ref> A study found that blood volume is a strong physiological correlate of peak oxygen consumption in patients with CFS.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal | last = Farquhar | first = William B. | last2 = Hunt | first2 = Brian E. | last3 = Taylor | first3 = J. Andrew | last4 = Darling | first4 = Stephen E. | last5 = Freeman | first5 = Roy | date = 2002-01-01 | title = Blood volume and its relation to peak O2consumption and physical activity in patients with chronic fatigue | url =https://www.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/ajpheart.2002.282.1.h66 | journal = American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology | volume = 282 | issue = 1| pages=H66βH71|doi=10.1152/ajpheart.2002.282.1.H66|issn=0363-6135}}</ref> [[Orthostatic intolerance]] is also common.<ref>Gerwin Morris, Michael Maes, see citations 12 through 27 in [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7015/11/205 "Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome and encephalomyelitis disseminata/multiple sclerosis show remarkable levels of similarity in phenomenology and neuroimmune characteristics"] ''BMC Medicine'', 17 September 2013</ref> CFS patients have several risk factors for heart disease.<ref>Michael Maes, Frank N.M. Twisk, [http://rediviva.sav.sk/51i34/106.pdf "Why myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) may kill you: disorders in the inflammatory and oxidative and nitrosative stress (IO&NS) pathways may explain cardiovascular disorders in ME/CFS"] ''Activitas Nervosa Superior Rediviva'', 20 December 2009</ref> The mean age of death from heart failure of [[Chronic fatigue syndrome|CFS]] patients is 58.7 years as compared to 83.1 years for the general population.<ref>Jason LA, Corradi K, Gress S, Williams S, Torres-Harding S, [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16844674 "Causes of death among patients with chronic fatigue syndrome"] ''Health Care Women Int.'', 27(7): 615-626. 2006</ref> ==Notable studies== *2007, Usefulness of an abnormal cardiovascular response during low-grade head-up [[Tilt table test|tilt-test]] for discriminating adolescents with chronic fatigue from healthy controls.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Wyller | first = Vegard Bruun | author-link = Vegard Bruun Wyller | last2 = Due | first2 = Reidar | last3 = Saul | first3 = J. Philip | last4 = Amlie | first4 = Jan P. | last5 = Thaulow | first5 = Erik | date = 2007-04-01 | title = Usefulness of an abnormal cardiovascular response during low-grade head-up tilt-test for discriminating adolescents with chronic fatigue from healthy controls |url =https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17398200 | journal = The American Journal of Cardiology | volume = 99 | issue = 7 | pages = 997β1001|doi=10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.10.067|issn=0002-9149|pmid=17398200|quote= | author-link2 = Reidar Due | author-link3 = J. Philip Saul | author-link4 = Jan P. Amlie | author-link5 = Erik Thaulow|via=}}</ref> ([[pubmed:17398200|Abstract]]) *2016, [http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12471-016-0885-8 Chronic fatigue syndrome in women assessed with combined cardiac magnetic resonance imaging]<ref name="Olimulder, 2016" /> *2016, [http://www.healthrising.org/blog/2016/07/30/21783/ The Blood Volume Paradox in ME/CFS and POTS]<ref name=":1" /> *2016, [http://www.meresearch.org.uk/our-research/completed-studies/reduced-cardiac-volumes/ Reduced cardiac volumes in chronic fatigue syndrome associate with plasma volume but not length of disease: a cohort study]<ref name=":0" /> == Learn more == *2016, [http://www.healthrising.org/blog/2016/06/27/chronic-fatigue-syndrome-small-heart-disease/ "Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: the Small Heart Disease"], [[Health Rising]] *2016, [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/06/160623184238.htm "Getting to the heart of chronic fatigue syndrome"], [[Science Daily]] ==See also== *[[Hypercoagulation hypothesis]] ==References== <references> <ref name="Olimulder, 2016">{{Citation | last =Olimulder | first1 = M.A.G.M. | author-link1 = | last2 = Galjee | first2 = M.A. | author-link2 = | last3 =Wagenaar | first3 = L.J. | author-link3 = | last4 = van Es | first4 = J. | author-link4 = | last5 =van der Palen | first5 = J. | author-link5 = | last6 = Visser | first6 = F.C. | author-link6 = Frans Visser | last7 = Vermeulen | first7 = R.C.W. | author-link7 = | last8 = von Birgelen | first8 = C. | author-link8 = | title = Chronic fatigue syndrome in women assessed with combined cardiac magnetic resonance imaging | journal =Netherlands Heart Journal | date = 2016 | doi = 10.1007/s12471-016-0885-8 }}</ref> </references> [[Category:Body systems]] [[Category:Cardiology]]
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