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'''Cochrane''' (previously called the '''Cochrane Collaboration''') is an independent, non-profit organization run by volunteers around the world which conducts systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials of health-care interventions and [[:Category:Tests|diagnostic tests]].<ref name="about">{{Cite web | url = https://www.cochrane.org/about-us | title = About us | website = cochrane.org|language=en|access-date=2019-03-05}}</ref> Cochrane reviews are frequently referred to as the gold standard of evidence in medicine and are highly influential in healthcare policy,<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.cochrane.org/news/cochrane-library-improved-online-platform-guide-health-decision-making-across-world | title = Cochrane Library: an improved online platform to guide health decision-making across the world | website = cochrane.org|language=en|access-date=2019-03-05}}</ref><ref name="Smith2013">{{Cite journal | last = Smith|first = Richard | date = 2013-12-18 | title = The Cochrane Collaboration at 20 | url = https://www.bmj.com/content/347/bmj.f7383 | journal = BMJ|language=en | volume = 347 | pages = f7383|doi=10.1136/bmj.f7383|issn=1756-1833|pmid=24353100}}</ref> although recently Cochrane has been criticized for abandoning its core values.<ref name="Ioannidis2019">{{Cite journal | last = Ioannidis | first = John P.A. | date = 2019 | title=Cochrane crisis: Secrecy, intolerance and evidence-based values |url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/eci.13058 | journal = European Journal of Clinical Investigation|language=en | volume = 49 | issue = 3| pages = e13058|doi=10.1111/eci.13058|issn=1365-2362}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last = Goldacre | first = Ben | last2 = Vale | first2 = Luke | last3 = Sheriff | first3 = Rebecca Syed | last4 = Ota | first4 = Erika | last5 = Moher | first5 = David | last6 = Kwong | first6 = Joey | last7 = Jayaram | first7 = Mahesh | last8 = Ioannidis | first8 = John PA | last9 = Hoffmann | first9 = Tammy | date = 2018-07-30 | title = Why Cochrane should prioritise sharing data | url = https://www.bmj.com/content/362/bmj.k3229 | journal = BMJ|language=en | volume = 362 | pages = k3229|doi=10.1136/bmj.k3229|issn=0959-8138|pmid=30061322 | issue = |quote= | authorlink = Ben Goldacre | author-link2 = Luke Vale | author-link3 = Rebecca Sheriff | author-link4 = Erika Ota | author-link5 = Davd Moher|via=}}</ref> == History == The Cochrane Collaboration was founded in 1993 as part of a movement that called for evidence based medicine.<ref name="Cochranehist">{{Cite web | url = https://community.cochrane.org/handbook-sri/chapter-1-introduction/11-cochrane/112-brief-history-cochrane | title = 1.1.2 A brief history of Cochrane | website = community.cochrane.org|language=en|access-date=2019-03-05}}</ref> The name refers to the Scottish doctor Archie Cochrane who advocated the use of randomized control trials to make medicine more efficient.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Shah|first = Hriday M. | last2 = Chung | first2 = Kevin C. | date = Sep 2009 | title = Archie Cochrane and his vision for evidence-based medicine | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2746659/ | journal = Plastic and reconstructive surgery | volume = 124 | issue = 3 | pages = 982–988|doi=10.1097/PRS.0b013e3181b03928|issn=0032-1052|pmc=2746659|pmid=19730323}}</ref> In origin, Cochrane is a British charity. It arose from the ground-breaking work of Iain Chalmers and colleagues who, in the late 1980s, created a database of systematic reviews on effective care in pregnancy and childbirth.<ref name="Cochranehist" /> This idea of forming a library of reliable and systematic reviews on clinical interventions was extended to other fields of medicine and became the basis of The Cochrane collaboration.<ref name="Chalmers1993">{{Cite journal | last = Chalmers | first = I. | date = 1993-12-31 | title = The Cochrane collaboration: preparing, maintaining, and disseminating systematic reviews of the effects of health care | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8192293 | journal = Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences | volume = 703 | pages = 156–163; discussion 163–165|issn=0077-8923|pmid=8192293}}</ref> Over the years, Cochrane has developed into an internationally renowned institute. At the celebration of its 20 years existence, it had more than 31,000 contributors from 120 countries and has published more than 5000 systematic reviews.<ref name="Smith2013" /><ref name="nature2013">{{Cite web | url = https://www.nature.com/articles/6400907.pdf?origin=ppub | last = Richards | first =D. | date = 2013 | title = 20 years of the Cochrane Collaboration | journal = Nature}}</ref>, although some require a paid subscription or registration before reading.<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.cochranelibrary.com/help/access | title = Cochrane Library access options | website = Cochrane Library|access-date=2019-03-05}}</ref> ==Chronic fatigue syndrome== Cochrane lists [[chronic fatigue syndrome]] (CFS) under its "neurology" and "mental health" categories<ref name="CochraneCFS" /> and its chronic fatigue syndrome reviews are produced by its "Common Mental Disorders Group".<ref name="CochraneCFS">{{Cite web | url = https://cmd.cochrane.org/scope-our-work | title = Scope of our work|language=en|access-date=2019-10-02 | date = | website = | last = Cochrane Common Mental Disorders Group|first = | authorlink = |archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=}}</ref> ==Exercise therapy in CFS review== The Cochrane review on [[Graded exercise therapy|exercise therapy]] (graded exercise therapy) in [[chronic fatigue syndrome]] has frequently been cited as a justification for this controversial intervention in patients with ME/CFS.<ref name="mrc2018">{{Cite web | url = https://mrc.ukri.org/news/browse/criticism-of-the-pace-trial/ | title = Criticism of the PACE trial | last = Medical Research Council|first = | date = 2018-08-28 | website = mrc.ukri.org|language=en|access-date=2019-03-05 | authorlink = Medical Research Council|archive-date=|url-status=}}</ref><ref name="Barry2017">{{Cite journal | last = Barry|first = Benjamin K. | last2 = Lloyd | first2 = Andrew R. | last3 = Bogg | first3 = Tina | last4 = Cassar | first4 = Joanne | last5 = Casson | first5 = Sally M. | last6 = Sandler | first6 = Carolina X. | last7 = Li | first7 = Sophie H. | date = 2017-05-01 | title = Randomised controlled trial of online continuing education for health professionals to improve the management of chronic fatigue syndrome: a study protocol | url = https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/7/5/e014133 | journal = BMJ Open|language=en | volume = 7 | issue = 5| pages = e014133|doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014133|issn=2044-6055|pmid=28495811}}</ref> The review, however, has been criticized for having methodological flaws,<ref name="vink2018">{{Cite journal | last = Vink|first = Mark | last2 = Vink-Niese | first2 = Alexandra | date = Jul 2018 | title = Graded exercise therapy for myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome is not effective and unsafe. Re-analysis of a Cochrane review | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30305916 | journal = Health Psychology Open | volume = 5 | issue = 2 | pages = 2055102918805187|doi=10.1177/2055102918805187|issn=2055-1029|pmc=|pmid=30305916|quote= | authorlink = Mark Vink | author-link2 = Alexandra Vink-Niese|via=}}</ref> and a formal complaint by a patient outlined significant flaws, leading to further revisions.<ref name="CourtneyComplaint" /> Cochrane revised the exercise therapy for CFS review six times since 2015, publishing a final version with altered conclusions in October 2019.<ref name="exercisetherapy2Oct2019" /> Cochrane stated that the review is "substantially out of date and in need of updating."<ref name="Cochrane2019Note">{{Cite web | last = | first = | url = https://www.cochranelibrary.com/content?templateType=information&urlTitle=/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003200.pub8&doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003200.pub8&type=cdsr&contentLanguage= | website = Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|language=en | title = Exercise therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome {{!}} Information | date = Oct 2, 2019|access-date=2021-12-27}}</ref> On May 21, 2020, Cochrane made a new announcement committing to a full review: <blockquote>"In the last nine months, this Cochrane Review has been modified by the review’s authors and evaluated by independent peer reviewers and editors. It now places more emphasis on the limited applicability of the evidence to definitions of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) used in the included studies, the long-term effects of exercise on symptoms of fatigue, and acknowledges the limitations of the evidence about harms that may occur...<br /> [T]oday we are committing to the production of a full update of this Cochrane Review, beginning with a comprehensive review of the protocol, which will be developed in consultation with an independent advisory group that we intend to convene."<ref name="ednote2Oct2019"/> ==Chronic fatigue syndrome publications == Cochrane has published several reviews assessing treatments for chronic fatigue syndrome: * 2008, [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001027.pub2/abstract Cognitive behaviour therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome in adults]<ref name="Cochrane2008">{{Cite journal | last = Price | first = Jonathan R. | authorlink = Jonathan Price | last2 = Mitchell | first2 = Edward | author-link2 = Edward Mitchell | last3 = Tidy | first3 = Elizabeth | author-link3 = Elizabeth Tidy | last4 = Hunot | first4 = Vivien | author-link4 = Vivien Hunot | date = 2008 | title = Cognitive behaviour therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome in adults |url = https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001027.pub2/abstract | journal = Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|language=en | issue = 3|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001027.pub2|issn=1465-1858 | pages = |quote=|via= | volume = }}</ref><ref name="Cochrane2014">{{Cite journal | last = Larun | first = Lillebeth | authorlink = Lillebeth Larun | last2 = Odgaard‐Jensen | first2 = Jan | author-link2 = Jan Odgaard‐Jensen | last3 = Brurberg | first3 = Kjetil G. | author-link3 = Kjetil Brurberg | last4 = Chalder | first4 = Trudie | author-link4 = Trudie Chalder | last5 = Dybwad | first5 = Marianne | author-link5 = Marianne Dybwad | last6 = Moss‐Morris | first6 = Rona E. | author-link6 = Rona Moss-Morris|last7 = Sharpe | first7 = Michael | author-link8 = Michael Sharpe | last8 = Wallman | first8 = Karen | author-link8 = Karen Wallman | first9 = Alison | last9 = Wearden |author-link9 = Alison Wearden | last10 = White | first10 = Peter | author-link10 = Peter White | last11 = Glasziou | first11 = Paul P | author-link11 = Paul Glasziou| date = 2014 | title = Exercise therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome (individual patient data) | url = https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011040/abstract | journal = Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|language=en | volume = | issue = 4 | pages = CD011040 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD011040|issn=1465-1858|pmc = PMC6494520 | quote=|via=}}</ref> * 2014, [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011040/abstract Exercise therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome (individual patient data)]<ref name="Cochrane2014" /> - withdrawn as protocol no longer being progressed to a review<ref name=Cochranewithdrawndata> https://www.cochranelibrary.com/content?templateType=full&urlTitle=/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011040.pub2&doi=10.1002/14651858.CD011040.pub2&type=cdsr&contentLanguage=</ref> *2016, [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003200.pub4/full Exercise therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome]<ref name="Cochrane2016">{{Cite journal | last = Larun | first = Lillebeth | last2 = Brurberg | first2 = Kjetil G. | last3 = Odgaard‐Jensen | first3 = Jan | last4 = Price | first4 = Jonathan R. | date = 2016 | title=Exercise therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome | url = https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003200.pub4/abstract | journal = Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|language=en | issue = 2|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003200.pub4|issn=1465-1858 | pages = |quote= | authorlink = Lillebeth Larun | author-link2 = Kjetil Brurberg | author-link3 = Jan Odgaard-Jensen | author-link4 = Jonathan Price|via= | volume = }}</ref> * 2017, [https://www.cochrane.org/CD003200/DEPRESSN_exercise-treatment-patients-chronic-fatigue-syndrome Exercise as treatment for patients with chronic fatigue syndrome]<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Larun | first = Lillebeth | last2 = Brurberg | first2 = Kjetil G. | last3 = Odgaard-Jensen | first3 = Jan | last4 = Price | first4 = Jonathan R | date = 2017-04-25 | title = Exercise therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome | url = https://www.cochrane.org/CD003200/DEPRESSN_exercise-treatment-patients-chronic-fatigue-syndrome | journal = Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|language=en|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003200.pub7|issn=1465-1858 | issue = | pages = |quote= | authorlink = Lillebeth Larun | author-link2 = Kjetil Brurberg | author-link3 = Jan Odgaard-Jensen | author-link4 = Jonathan Price|via= | volume = }}</ref> ** [https://in.reuters.com/article/us-health-chronicfatigue-dispute/exclusive-science-journal-to-withdraw-chronic-fatigue-review-amid-patient-activist-complaints-idINKCN1MR2PI Exclusive: Science journal to withdraw chronic fatigue review amid patient activist complaints]<ref name="reuters2018">{{Cite news |url = https://in.reuters.com/article/us-health-chronicfatigue-dispute/exclusive-science-journal-to-withdraw-chronic-fatigue-review-amid-patient-activist-complaints-idINKCN1MR2PI | title = Exclusive: Science journal to withdraw chronic fatigue review amid... | last = Kelland | first = Kate | date = Oct 17, 2018|work=IN|access-date=2018-10-17| archive-url = | archive-date = |url-status = | language=en}}</ref> *2019, [https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003200.pub8/full Exercise therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome]<ref name="exercisetherapy2Oct2019">{{Cite journal | last = Larun | first = Lillebeth | authorlink = Lillebeth Larun | last2 = Brurberg | first2 = Kjetil G | author-link2 = Kjetil Brurberg | last3 = Odgaard-Jensen | first3 = Jan | author-link3 = Jan Odgaard-Jensen | last4 = Price | first4 = Jonathan R | author-link4 = | date = 2019-10-02 | title = Exercise therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome | url = https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003200.pub8 | journal = Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = | issue = | pages = |doi=10.1002/14651858.cd003200.pub8|issn=1465-1858|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=Oct 2, 2019|quote=|via=}}</ref> **[https://www.cochrane.org/news/publication-cochrane-review-exercise-therapy-chronic-fatigue-syndrome '''Editorial note:''' Publication of Cochrane Review: ‘Exercise therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome’]<ref name="ednote2Oct2019">{{Cite web | url = https://www.cochrane.org/news/publication-cochrane-review-exercise-therapy-chronic-fatigue-syndrome | title = Publication of Cochrane Review: ‘Exercise therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome’ | last = | first = | authorlink = | date = Oct 2, 2019 | website = Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|language=en| archive-url = | archive-date = |url-status = | access-date=2019-10-02}}</ref> === Other withdrawn pages === * [https://www.cochrane.org/CD006348/DEPRESSN_traditional-chinese-medicinal-herbs-chronic-fatigue Traditional Chinese medicinal herbs for chronic fatigue]<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Adams | first = Denise | last2 = Wu | first2 = Taixiang | last3 = Yang | first3 = Xunzhe | last4 = Tai | first4 = Shusheng | last5 = Vohra | first5 = Sunita | date = 2018-10-15 | title = Traditional Chinese medicinal herbs for the treatment of idiopathic chronic fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome | url = https://www.cochrane.org/CD006348/DEPRESSN_traditional-chinese-medicinal-herbs-chronic-fatigue | journal = Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|language=en|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD006348.pub3|issn=1465-1858}}</ref> (''Health topics'' noted CFS under "Mental health".) ==Criticism and commentary on Cochrane CFS reviews == === Formal complaint to Dr. David Tovey, Editor in Chief of the Cochrane Library === * Feb 12, 2018, [https://www.dropbox.com/s/uhy95caezsmcue7/Robert%20Courtney%20Cochrane%20complaint(1).zip?dl=0&file_subpath=%2FRobert+Courtney+Cochrane+complaint.pdf This is a formal complaint with respect to the current version of "Exercise therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome" by L. Larun et al. (Cochrane Database Syste Rev. 2017; CD003200.)]<ref name="CourtneyComplaint">{{Cite web | url = https://www.dropbox.com/s/uhy95caezsmcue7/Robert%20Courtney%20Cochrane%20complaint(1).zip?dl=0&file_subpath=%2FRobert+Courtney+Cochrane+complaint.pdf | title=This is a formal complaint with respect to the current version of "Exercise therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome" by L. Larun et al. (Cochrane Database Syste Rev. 2017; CD003200.) | last = Courtney|first =Robert | authorlink = Robert Courtney | date = Feb 12, 2018}}</ref> ==Criticism & Undisclosed Conflicts of Interest== '''2016''' Professor [[James Coyne]] has criticized Cochrane's work assessing exercise as a treatment for chronic fatigue syndrome, asking it "to consider the implications of having authors conduct a systematic review with the Cochrane collaboration brand attached who have ties to an industry which would benefit from particular conclusions. These same conclusions would personally enrich some of the authors professionally and personally", referring to the involvement of [[Trudie Chalder]], [[Rona Moss-Morris]], [[Michael Sharpe]], [[Alison Wearden]] and [[Peter White]] who are also authors of the [[PACE trial]].<ref name="Coyne20160105">{{citation | last =Coyne | first1 = James | author-link1 = James Coyne | title = Undisclosed conflicts of interest in a systematic review protocol of interventions for medically unexplained symptoms | website=Quick Thoughts blog | date = Jan 5, 2016 | url = https://jcoynester.wordpress.com/2016/01/05/undisclosed-conflicts-of-interest-in-a-systematic-review-protocol-of-interventions-for-medically-unexplained-symptoms/ }}</ref><ref name="Coyne20160320">{{citation | last =Coyne | first1 = James | author-link1 = James Coyne | title = Why the Cochrane Collaboration needs to clean up conflicts of interest | website=Quick Thoughts blog | date = Mar 20, 2016 | url = https://jcoynester.wordpress.com/2016/03/20/why-the-cochrane-collaboration-needs-to-clean-up-conflicts-of-interest/ }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url = https://jcoynester.wordpress.com/2016/04/23/probing-an-untrustworthy-cochrane-review-of-exercise-for-chronic-fatigue-syndrome/ | title = Probing an untrustworthy Cochrane review of exercise for “chronic fatigue syndrome” | last = Coyne | first = James | date = 2016-04-23|work=Quick Thoughts|access-date=2018-10-17| archive-url = | archive-date = |url-status = | language=en-US}}</ref> Prof. Coyne also wrote an open letter to Cochrane in March 2016 regarding the upcoming Cochrane review and conflicts of interests.<ref name="Coyne2016a">{{Cite web | url = https://www.coyneoftherealm.com/blogs/news/an-open-letter-to-the-cochrane-collaboration-bill-silverman-lies-a-moldering-in-his-grave | title = An open letter to the Cochrane Collaboration: Bill Silverman lies a-moldering-in his grave – Coyne of the Realm | last = Coyne | first = James | date = Mar 6, 2016 | website = Coyne of the Realm|language=en| archive-url = | archive-date = |url-status = | access-date=2018-10-17}} </ref><ref name="Coyne2016b">{{Cite news |url = https://jcoynester.wordpress.com/2016/04/21/my-response-to-an-invitation-to-improve-the-cochrane-collaboration-by-challenging-its-policies/ | title = My response to an invitation to improve the Cochrane Collaboration by challenging its policies | last = Coyne | first = James | date = 2016-04-21|work=Quick Thoughts|access-date=2018-10-17| archive-url = | archive-date = |url-status = | language=en-US}}</ref> In March 2016, the 2014 Cochrane Intervention Protocol was modified to include previously undisclosed conflicts of interest for Peter White: "PDW has undertaken consultancy work for a re-insurance firm. He has also undertaken voluntary consultancy for the [[Department for Work and Pensions|Departments of Health, Work and Pensions]] and is a member of the Independent Medical Experts Group, a non-Governmental organization which advises the Ministry of Defense regarding their Armed Forces Compensation Fund."<ref name="Coyne20160319">{{citation | last =Coyne | first1 = James | author-link1 = James Coyne | title = Update to: Undisclosed conflicts of interest in a systematic review protocol of interventions for medically unexplained symptoms | website = Quick Thoughts Blog | date = Mar 19, 2016 | url = https://jcoynester.wordpress.com/2016/01/05/undisclosed-conflicts-of-interest-in-a-systematic-review-protocol-of-interventions-for-medically-unexplained-symptoms/ }}</ref> It was admitted in the information tribunal of April 2016 on page 31 that "Professor Chalder states that disclosure to the Cochrane review does not count as disclosure to independent scientists as all three of the [[PACE Trial Management Group|PACE]] principal investigators sat on the review panel."<ref name="QMUL-appeal">{{Cite web | url = http://informationrights.decisions.tribunals.gov.uk//DBFiles/Decision/i1854/Queen%20Mary%20University%20of%20London%20EA-2015-0269%20(12-8-16).PDF | title = Appeal Number: EA/2015/0269, Appellant: Queen Mary University of London, Respondent: The Information Commissioner, Second Respondent: Alem Matthees | last = | first = | date = Apr 22, 2016 | website = tribunals.gov.uk| archive-url = | archive-date = |url-status = | access-date=}}</ref> '''2017''' On April 14, 2017 Prof James Coyne submitted a very early request for the data to Cochrane along with an open letter.<ref name="Coyne2017">{{Cite news |url = https://jcoynester.wordpress.com/2017/04/13/why-i-am-formally-requesting-the-data-set-from-a-cochrane-review/ | title = Why I am formally requesting the data set from a Cochrane review | last = Coyne | first = James | date = 2017-04-13|work=Quick Thoughts|access-date=2018-10-17| archive-url = | archive-date = |url-status = | language=en-US}} </ref> A liaison psychiatrist publishing in the ''British Journal of Psychiatry'' has criticized the '[[Graded exercise therapy|Exercise Therapy]] for CFS' for being heavily influenced by the PACE trial.<ref name="MEA2017Cochrane">{{Cite web | url = http://www.meassociation.org.uk/2017/05/liaison-psychiatrist-suggests-that-cochrane-review-on-exercise-therapy-in-cfs-was-heavily-influenced-by-controversial-pace-trial-6-may-2017/ | title = Liaison psychiatrist says that Cochrane Review on exercise therapy in CFS was heavily influenced by controversial PACE Trial {{!}} 6 May 2017 | last = | first = | date = May 6, 2017 | website = [[The ME Association]]| publisher = The British Journal of Psychology|language=en-US| archive-url = | archive-date = |url-status = | access-date=2018-10-17 | authorlink = }}</ref><ref name="Mitchell2017">{{Cite journal | last = Mitchell|first = Alex J. | authorlink = | date = May 2017 | title = Controversy over exercise therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome: Key lessons for clinicians and academics: Commentary on… Cochrane Corner |url =https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bjpsych-advances/article/controversy-over-exercise-therapy-for-chronic-fatigue-syndrome-key-lessons-for-clinicians-and-academics/31FAABA6A2C20FDAA4766C6D37E9614C | journal = BJPsych Advances|language=en | volume = 23 | issue = 3 | pages = 145–148|doi=10.1192/apt.bp.116.016261|issn=2056-4678|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref> According to Coyne, one of the authors of the controversial Cochrane Exercise therapy review, [[Kjetil Brurberg|Kjetil Gundro Brurberg]], misrepresented the conflicts of interest of himself and his reviewers regarding his article '''A PACE-gate or an editorial without perspectives''' after being given a number of opportunities to do so. This was an article he was invited to publish in the [[Journal of Health Psychology]], and Coyne describes Brurberg's actions as "scientific misconduct".<ref name="Brurberg">{{Cite web | url= https://www.coyneoftherealm.com/2017/07/19/misconduct-in-an-authors-nomination-of-reviewers-for-his-manuscript/ | title = Misconduct in an author's nomination of reviewers for his manuscript | last = Coyne | first = James | authorlink = James Coyne | date = Jul 19, 2017 | website = coyneoftherealm.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602171046/https://www.coyneoftherealm.com/2017/07/19/misconduct-in-an-authors-nomination-of-reviewers-for-his-manuscript/|archive-date=Jun 2, 2020|url-status=|access-date=}}</ref> According to Coyne, Brurberg had been invited to publish about the [[PACE trial]] by the Journal of Health Psychology but his manuscript was rejected after a negative peer review. Coyne states Brurberg appealed he was given opportunity to nominate reviewers without conflicts of interest, but two had clear conflicts of interest and a third reviewer responsed declaring a conflict of interest - that Michael Sharpe (second author of the PACE trial) had previously been his supervisor; Brurberg's article was rejected and then published in the '''Mental Elf''' website.<ref name="Brurberg" /> '''2018''' On September 3, 2018, Dr [[David Tuller]] examined in 'The Cochrane Controversy' the systematic reviews which relied upon the flawed PACE trial and associated [[Cognitive behavioral therapy|CBT]]/[[Graded exercise therapy|GET]] studies and even its wrongful categorization in the Common Mental Disorders group.<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.virology.ws/2018/09/03/trial-by-error-the-cochrane-controversy/ | title = Trial By Error: The Cochrane Controversy | last = Tuller | first = David | date = Sep 3, 2018 | website = [[Virology blog]]|language=en-US| archive-url = | archive-date = |url-status = | access-date=2018-10-17 | authorlink = David Tuller}}</ref> On September 14, 2018 the Cochrane Collaboration had a mass resignation of its board after it decided to expel a founding member who had written a review which stated that "‘The Cochrane HPV vaccine review was incomplete and ignored important evidence of bias’ and published in the BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine".<ref>{{Cite news |url = https://davidfmarks.com/2018/09/27/is-cochrane-sunk/ | title = Cochrane Catastrophe | date = 2018-09-27|work=davidfmarks.com|access-date=2018-10-18|language=en-US | last = Marks | first = David F.|quote= | authorlink = David Marks| archive-url = | archive-date = |url-status = | publisher=}}</ref> October 8, 2018, [[Mark Vink]] and Alexandra Vink-Niese reanalyzed the Cochrane's review of GET for ME/CFS concluding there is no evidence GET is effective and "failure to report harms adequately in the trials covered by the review, it cannot be said that graded exercise therapy is safe."<ref name="Vink2018">{{Cite journal | last = Vink|first = Mark | last2 = Vink-Niese | first2 = Alexandra | date = 2018 | title = Graded exercise therapy for myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome is not effective and unsafe. Re-analysis of a Cochrane review | url = http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2055102918805187 | journal = Health Psychology Open|language=en | volume = 5 | issue = 2 | pages = 205510291880518|doi=10.1177/2055102918805187|issn=2055-1029|pmc=|pmid=30305916|via=}}</ref> Their reanalysis also stated that all four Cochrane reviewers were proponents of the [[Biopsychosocial model|biopsychosocial]] model.<ref name="Vink2018" /> On October 17, 2018 it was announced that Cochrane would be temporarily withdrawing its exercise therapy for CFS review from the Cochrane Library.<ref name="reuters2018" /> The Cochrane Editor said that the review had several issues which needed to be addressed and “This not about patient pressure”. Dr Tuller reported on the withdrawal decision and the background to the Cochrane review.<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.virology.ws/2018/10/19/trial-by-error-cochrane-withdraws-flawed-exercise-review/ | title = Trial By Error: Cochrane Withdraws Flawed Exercise Review | website = [[Virology blog]]|language=en-US|access-date=2018-10-19 | last = Tuller | first =David | authorlink = David Tuller}}</ref> Forty-one international scientists signed a declaration supporting Cochrane's decision.<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.virology.ws/2018/10/23/a-statement-in-support-of-cochrane/ | title = A Statement in Support of Cochrane | website = [[Virology blog]]|language=en-US|access-date=2018-10-24}}</ref> <span id="2019">'''2019'''</span> A new revision and editorial note were published in October 2019, with significant alterations to the conclusions.<ref name="exercisetherapy2Oct2019" /> In May 2020, Cochrane published a note stating that they were committing to a new review and protocol. Concerning the old review, it said: :"It now places more emphasis on the limited applicability of the evidence to definitions of myalgic encephalomyelitis/<wbr>chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) used in the included studies, the long-term effects of exercise on symptoms of fatigue, and acknowledges the limitations of the evidence about harms that may occur."<ref name="ednote2Oct2019"/> <span id="2020">'''2020'''</span> In March 2020, Cochrane announced a new conflict of interest policy, due to take effect later in the year.<ref name="newconflictofinterest">https://www.cochrane.org/news/cochrane-announces-revised-conflict-interest-policy-cochrane-library-content</ref > ==Online presence== *[http://www.cochrane.org/ Website] *[https://twitter.com/cochranecollab Twitter] *[https://www.facebook.com/TheCochraneLibrary/ Facebook] *[http://www.cochranelibrary.com/cochrane-database-of-systematic-reviews/ Cochrane Library] == See also == * [[Exercise]] * [[Graded exercise therapy]] * [[Lillebeth Larun]] * [[Robert Courtney]] * [[David Tuller]] * [[Mark Vink]] * [[PACE trial]] * [[Psychologization]] * [[NICE guidelines]] ==Learn more== *2016, [https://jcoynester.wordpress.com/2016/04/21/my-response-to-an-invitation-to-improve-the-cochrane-collaboration-by-challenging-its-policies/ My response to an invitation to improve the Cochrane Collaboration by challenging its policies]<ref name="Coyne2016b"/> *2016, [https://community.cochrane.org/news/cochrane-and-conflict-interest Cochrane and conflict of interest]<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://community.cochrane.org/news/cochrane-and-conflict-interest | title = Cochrane and conflict of interest | website = community.cochrane.org|language=en|access-date=2018-10-17}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Organizations]] [[Category:UK organizations]]
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