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{{stub}} '''Creatine''' is a nitrogenous [[organic acid]] that helps supply [[energy]] to all [[cell]]s in the body, especially [[muscle]]. It increases the formation of [[ATP]]. It is produced from the [[amino acid]]s [[glycine]] and [[arginine]]. Creatine can also be synthesized in the brain and can cross the blood-brain barrier via specific creatine transporters. In the brain, it plays a major role in ATP/ADP balance by providing a steady phosphorous group to [[Adenosine diphosphate|ADP]] to replenish ATP. In addition to an energy substrate, creatine can be released from [[neuron]]s and function as a [[neurotransmitter]].<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Riesberg|first = Lisa A. | last2 = Weed | first2 = Stephanie A. | last3 = McDonald | first3 = Thomas L. | last4 = Eckerson | first4 = Joan M. | last5 = Drescher | first5 = Kristen M. | date = Aug 2016 | title = Beyond Muscles: The Untapped Potential of Creatine | url =https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4915971/|journal=International immunopharmacology|volume=37 | pages = 31–42|doi=10.1016/j.intimp.2015.12.034|issn=1567-5769|pmc=4915971|pmid=26778152|issue=|quote= | authorlink = Lisa Riesberg | authorlink2 = Stephanie Weed | author-link3 = Thomas McDonald | author-link4 = Joan Eckerson | author-link5 = Kristen Drescher|via=}}</ref> Creatine is metabolized to ''creatinine'' and excreted in the urine. Raised urinary creatine excretion was found in two, separate [[List of myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome outbreaks|outbreaks]] of [[myalgic encephalomyelitis]] in New York State in [[1950 New York State outbreak|1950]] and in [[1961 New York State outbreak|1961]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal | last = Parish|first = JG | date = 1978 | title = Early outbreaks of 'epidemic neuromyasthenia' | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/370810|journal=Postgraduate Medical Journal|volume=54 | pages = 711-7|via=}}</ref> Creatine was high during periods of relapse and normal during periods of recovery.<ref>{{Cite journal | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14100144 | title = Epidemic Neuromyasthenia Outbreak in a Convent in New York State | last = Albrecht | first = Robert | date = March 21, 1964|journal=Journal of the American Medical Association|volume=187 | pages = 904-907|issue=|via=|quote= | authorlink = Robert Albrecht}}</ref> A 16-week double-blind, randomized control study in [[fibromyalgia]] patients showed creatine supplementation increased intramuscular phosphorylcreatine content by ~80% and improved lower- and upper-body muscle function, with some additional positive effects on general symptoms.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Alves | first = Christiano R.R. | last2 = Santiago | first2 = Bianca M. | last3 = Lima | first3 = Fernanda R. | last4 = Otaduy | first4 = Maria C.G. | last5 = Calich | first5 = Ana Luisa | last6 = Tritto | first6 = Aline C.C. | last7 = de Sá Pinto | first7 = Ana Lúcia | last8 = Roschel | first8 = Hamilton | last9 = Leite | first9 = Cláudia C. | date = Sep 2013 | title = Creatine supplementation in fibromyalgia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23554283|journal=Arthritis Care & Research|volume=65|issue=9 | pages = 1449–1459|doi=10.1002/acr.22020|issn=2151-4658|pmid=23554283|quote= | authorlink = Christiano Alves | authorlink2 = Bianca Santiago | author-link3 = Fernanda Lima | author-link4 = Maria Otaduy | author-link5 = Ana Luisa Calich|via= | author-link6 = Aline Tritto | author-link8 = Ana Lúcia de Sá Pinto | author-link8 = Hamilton Roschel | author-link9 = Cláudia Leite}}</ref> ==Supplement Safety== The International Society of Sport Nutrition has stated that creatine supplementation up to 30 g/day for 5 years is safe and well-tolerated in healthy individuals and in a number of patient populations ranging from infants to the elderly.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Kreider | first = Richard B. | last2 = Kalman | first2 = Douglas S. | last3 = Antonio | first3 = Jose | last4 = Ziegenfuss | first4 = Tim N. | last5 = Wildman | first5 = Robert | last6 = Collins | first6 = Rick | last7 = Candow | first7 = Darren G. | last8 = Kleiner | first8 = Susan M. | last9 = Almada | first9 = Anthony L. | date = 2017 | title=International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: safety and efficacy of creatine supplementation in exercise, sport, and medicine | url =https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28615996|journal=Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition|volume=14 | pages = 18|doi=10.1186/s12970-017-0173-z|issn=1550-2783|pmc=5469049|pmid=28615996|issue=|quote= | authorlink = Richard Kreider | authorlink2 = Douglas Kalman | author-link3 = Jose Antonio | author-link4 = Tim Ziegenfuss | author-link5 = Robert Wildman|via=}}</ref> [[Category:Biochemistry and cell biology]] [[Category:Amino acids]] [[Category:Potential treatments]] [[Category:Supplements]] == See also == * [[Creatine kinase]] == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Nutrients]]
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