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== Types of fasting == === Water only fasting === As the name implies, this is a type of fasting where only water may be consumed – no other food or beverage is permitted. === Liquid fasting === Some fasts include abstaining from solid foods but consuming calorie-containing liquids, such as vegetables juices or broth. === Intermittent fasting === In this form of fasting, a person alternates between periods of fasting and non-fasting, with a defined schedule. Intermittent fasting is of interest to researchers for its potential effects on insulin sensitivity and other aspects of health. Popular types of intermittent fasting include: 16:8, 16-hr fast with a 8-hr eating window, 18:6, 18-hr fast with a 6-hr eating window, 20:4, 20-hr fast with a 4-hr eating window. The alternate day fast is a 36 hour fast followed by a 12-hr eating window. === Caloric restriction === A calorie restricted (CR) diet reduces calorie intake without malnutrition. It is chronic and does not include a refeeding phase. Most clinical trials of CR aim for 25-30% total calorie reduction. The 5:2 diet is a calorically restricted diet in which 2 days per week one consumes 500-600 calories, and eats normally the remaining 5 week days. == Physiological effects == A fast with duration sufficient to deplete the body's glycogen stores, at least 18 hours, increases the blood ketone β-hydroxybutyrate allowing for nutritional [[ketosis]]. Fasting increases autophagy in mice. The US National Institute on Aging and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases conducted the CALERIE (Comprehensive Assessment of Long-term Effects of Reducing Intake of Energy) study using a 2-year CR diet (25% reduction) in non-obese adults (n = 143) compared to an ad libitum group (n =75). The CR group reported improvements in mood and improved sleep quality without adverse effects or immune compromise. There was also improvement in cardiovascular risk factors including C-reactive protein.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Kraus | first = William E. | last2 = Bhapkar | first2 = Manjushri | last3 = Huffman | first3 = Kim M. | last4 = Pieper | first4 = Carl F. | last5 = Krupa Das | first5 = Sai | last6 = Redman | first6 = Leanne M. | last7 = Villareal | first7 = Dennis T. | last8 = Rochon | first8 = James | last9 = Roberts | first9 = Susan B. | date = Sep 2019 | title = 2 years of calorie restriction and cardiometabolic risk (CALERIE): exploratory outcomes of a multicentre, phase 2, randomised controlled trial| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31303390|journal=The Lancet. Diabetes & Endocrinology|volume=7|issue=9 | pages = 673–683|doi=10.1016/S2213-8587(19)30151-2|issn=2213-8595|pmc=6707879|pmid=31303390}}</ref> == Health effects == There is no evidence on the benefits or harms of fasting for ME and CFS patients. However, there is a growing body of evidence suggesting possible health benefits of water-only fasting to the microbiome,<ref name="remely2015" /> mitochondria<ref name="fernanda2011" /> and the immune system,<ref name="cheng2014" /> and as a cancer adjuvant.<ref name="changhan2012" /><ref name="lee2011" /><ref name="fernando2009" /> ==Immune system== [[Caloric restriction]] significantly reduced the amount of circulating [[lipopolysaccharide]]-binding protein.<ref name="zhang2013" /> In vitro, short-term (19 hour) fasting reduced monocyte metabolic and inflammatory activity and drastically reduced the number of circulating monocytes. This effect is thought to be due to redistribution of these cells to the bone marrow.<ref name=":0" /> Caloric restriction and intermittent fasting strongly reduced the accumulation of pathogenic monocytes in the central nervous system, reduced monocyte pro-inflammatory activity, and improved disease outcome in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis and in a preclinical model in multiple sclerosis patients.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal | last = Cignarella | first = Francesca | last2 = Cantoni | first2 = Claudia | last3 = Ghezzi | first3 = Laura | last4 = Salter | first4 = Amber | last5 = Dorsett | first5 = Yair | last6 = Chen | first6 = Lei | last7 = Phillips | first7 = Daniel | last8 = Weinstock | first8 = George M. | last9 = Fontana | first9 = Luigi | date = 2018-06-05 | title = Intermittent Fasting Confers Protection in CNS Autoimmunity by Altering the Gut Microbiota| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29874567|journal=Cell Metabolism|volume=27|issue=6 | pages = 1222–1235.e6|doi=10.1016/j.cmet.2018.05.006|issn=1932-7420|pmc=6460288|pmid=29874567}}</ref> ==Chronic fatigue syndrome== Dr. [[Courtney Craig]] has proposed the use of fasting, [[caloric restriction]] and a [[ketogenic diet]] in the treatment of [[Mitochondrion|mitochondrial]] damage in [[ME/CFS]].<ref name="craig2015" /> == See also == * [[Caloric restriction]] * [[ketogenic diet]] * [[Intermittent fasting]] ==Learn more== *2016, [http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/03/07/intermittent-fasting-diets-are-gaining-acceptance/ Fasting Diets Are Gaining Acceptance] ==References== <references> <ref name="remely2015">{{Citation| doi = 10.1007/s00508-015-0755-1| issn = 1613-7671| volume = 127 | issue = 9-10| pages = 394–398| last1 = Remely | first1 = Marlene | last2 = Hippe | first2 = Berit | last3 = Geretschlaeger | first3 = Isabella | last4 = Stegmayer | first4 = Sonja | last5 = Hoefinger | first5 = Ingrid | last6 = Haslberger | first6 = Alexander| title = Increased gut microbiota diversity and abundance of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Akkermansia after fasting: a pilot study| journal = Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift | date = May 2015 | pmid = 25763563| pmc = }}</ref> <ref name="fernanda2011">{{Citation| doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0018433| issn = 1932-6203| volume = 6 | issue = 3| pages = 18433| last1 = Cerqueira | first1 = Fernanda M. | last2 = Laurindo | first2 = Francisco R.M. | last3 = Kowaltowski | first3 = Alicia J.| title = Mild Mitochondrial Uncoupling and Calorie Restriction Increase Fasting eNOS, Akt and Mitochondrial Biogenesis| journal = PLOS ONE| access-date = 2016-11-09| date = 2011-03-31| url = http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0018433}}</ref> <ref name="cheng2014">{{Citation| doi = 10.1016/j.stem.2014.04.014| issn = 1934-5909| volume = 14 | issue = 6| pages = 810–823| last1 = Cheng | first1 = Chia-Wei | last2 = Adams | first2 = Gregor B. | last3 = Perin | first3 = Laura | last4 = Wei | first4 = Min | last5 = Zhou | first5 = Xiaoying | last6 = Lam | first6 = Ben S. | last7 = Da Sacco | first7 = Stefano | last8 = Mirisola | first8 = Mario | last9 = Quinn | first9 = David I. | last10 = Dorff | first10 = Tanya B. | last11 = Kopchick | first11 = John J. | last12 = Longo | first12 = Valter D. | title = Prolonged Fasting Reduces IGF-1/PKA to Promote Hematopoietic-Stem-Cell-Based Regeneration and Reverse Immunosuppression| journal = Cell Stem Cell|access-date = 2016-11-09| date = 2014-06-05| url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1934590914001519}}</ref> <ref name="changhan2012">{{Citation| doi = 10.1126/scitranslmed.3003293| issn = 1946-6234| volume = 4 | issue = 124| pages = 124–27-124ra27| last1 = Lee | first1 = Changhan | last2 = Raffaghello | first2 = Lizzia | last3 = Brandhorst | first3 = Sebastian | last4 = Safdie | first4 = Fernando M. | last5 = Bianchi | first5 = Giovanna | last6 = Martin-Montalvo | first6 = Alejandro | last7 = Pistoia | first7 = Vito | last8 = Wei | first8 = Min | last9 = Hwang | first9 = Saewon | last10 = Merlino | first10 = Annalisa | last11 = Emionite | first11 = Laura | last12 = Cabo | first12 = Rafael de | last13 = Longo | first13 = Valter D. | title = Fasting Cycles Retard Growth of Tumors and Sensitize a Range of Cancer Cell Types to Chemotherapy| journal = Science Translational Medicine| access-date = 2016-11-09| date = 2012-03-07| url = http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/4/124/124ra27 | pmid = 22323820}}</ref> <ref name="lee2011">{{Citation| doi = 10.1038/onc.2011.91| issn = 0950-9232| volume = 30 | issue = 30| pages = 3305–3316| last1 = Lee | first1 = C. | last2 = Longo | first2 = V.D. | title = Fasting vs dietary restriction in cellular protection and cancer treatment: from model organisms to patients| journal = Oncogene| access-date = 2016-11-09| date = 2011-07-28| url = http://www.nature.com/onc/journal/v30/n30/abs/onc201191a.html}}</ref> <ref name="fernando2009">{{Citation| issn = 1945-4589| volume = 1 | issue = 12| pages = 988–1007| last1 = Safdie | first1 = Fernando M. | last2 = Dorff | first2 = Tanya | last3 = Quinn | first3 = David | last4 = Fontana | first4 = Luigi | last5 = Wei | first5 = Min | last6 = Lee | first6 = Changhan | last7 = Cohen | first7 = Pinchas | last8 = Longo | first8 = Valter D. | title = Fasting and cancer treatment in humans: A case series report| journal = Aging (Albany NY)| access-date = 2016-11-09| date = 2009-12-31| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2815756/| pmid = 20157582| pmc = }}</ref> <ref name="zhang2013">{{Citation| doi = 10.1038/ncomms3163| issn = 2041-1723| volume = 4| pages = 2163| last1 = Zhang | first1 = Chenhong | last2 = Li | first2 = Shoufeng | last3 = Yang | first3 = Liu | last4 = Huang | first4 = Ping | last5 = Li | first5 = Wenjun | last6 = Wang | first6 = Shengyue | last7 = Zhao | first7 = Guoping | last8 = Zhang | first8 = Menghui | last9 = Pang | first9 = Xiaoyan | last10 = Yan | first10 = Zhen | last11 = Liu | first11 = Yong | last12 = Zhao | first12 = Liping| title = Structural modulation of gut microbiota in life-long calorie-restricted mice| journal = Nature Communications| access-date = 2016-11-09| date = 2013-07-16| url = http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2013/130716/ncomms3163/full/ncomms3163.html}}</ref> <ref name="craig2015">{{Citation | last = Craig | first1 = Courtney| author-link1 = Courtney Craig | title = Mitoprotective dietary approaches for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Caloric restriction, fasting, and ketogenic diets | journal = Medical Hypotheses | volume = 85 | issue = 5 | page = 690-693 | date =November 2015 | pmid = 26315446 | doi = 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.08.013 }}</ref> </references> [[Category:Potential treatments]] [[Category:Diets]] [[Category:Detoxification]]
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