Fibromyalgia notable studies

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Revision as of 23:40, May 9, 2019 by Notjusttired (talk | contribs) (→‎2015-2019: abstract)

Fibromyalgia notable studies houses the research for the Fibromyalgia (FM/FMS) page.

Notable studies[edit | edit source]

2000-2004[edit | edit source]

2005-2009[edit | edit source]

Chronic pain is a multidimensional process that now must be considered as a chronic degenerative disease not only affecting sensory and emotional processing, but also producing an altered brain state. Therapeutic interventions should be reconsidered in this context.[4]

Schematic Examples of CNS Structural Changes. Red circles signify decreased gray matter density relative to controls. A. Subjects with chronic back pain show decreases in gray matter density in bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and right anterior thalamus (adapted from [25]). B. Patients with fibromyalgia show decreases in cingulate cortex (CC), medial prefrontal cortex (Med. PFC), parahippocampal gyrus (PHG) and insula (adapted from [27]). 3-D surface renderings were created using Freesurfer. Borsook et al. Molecular Pain 2007 3:25 doi:10.1186/1744-8069-3-25[4]

2010-2014[edit | edit source]

Pathophysiology: Although the etiology remains unclear, characteristic alterations in the pattern of sleep and changes in neuroendocrine transmitters such as serotonin, substance P, growth hormone and cortisol suggest that regulation of the autonomic and neuro-endocrine system appears to be the basis of the syndrome. Fibromyalgia is not a life-threatening, deforming, or progressive disease. Anxiety and depression are the most common association. Aberrant pain processing, which can result in chronic pain, may be the result of several interplaying mechanisms. Central sensitization, blunting of inhibitory pain pathways and alterations in neurotransmitters lead to aberrant neuro-chemical processing of sensory signals in the CNS, thus lowering the threshold of pain and amplification of normal sensory signals causing constant pain.[7]

The frequent co-morbidity of fibromyalgia with mood disorders suggests a major role for the stress response and for neuroendocrine abnormalities. The hypothalamic pituitary axis (HPA) is a critical component of the stress-adaptation response. In FMS, stress adaptation response is disturbed leading to stress induce symptoms. Psychiatric co-morbidity has been associated with FMS and needs to be identified during the consultation process, as this requires special consideration during treatment.[7]

Table 1. Conditions associated with fibromyalgia[7]


2015-2019[edit | edit source]

File:Fibro Inflammation.JPG
Whole-brain voxel-wise analyses[10]


Whole-brain voxel-wise analyses. (A) Median SUVR map from healthy controls (n = 9) and patients with chronic LBP (n = 10) are presented. Matched-pairs tests (nine versus nine) revealed significantly higher TSPO levels in patients, in thalamus, pre- and postcentral gyri, and paracentral lobule (P < 0.05 corrected for multiple comparisons; permutation testing, 10 000 permutations). As two patients were matching the same controls, the analyses were performed first using the patient best matching the control. A second analysis was performed using the other patient, limiting our search to significant clusters from the first analysis, with identical results. (B) Boxplots for each of the four regions demonstrating statistically higher SUVRs in patients are shown for illustrative purposes. postc. = postcentral; g. = gyrus; parac. lob. = postcentral lobule; prec. = precentral.[10]



The probability densities of CCC test scores of 119 controls, 160 FM patients, 100 SLE patients and 98 RA patients[23]


Nearly 500 FM, autoimmune and healthy control patients underwent testing for cytokine/chemokine activity after mitogenic stimulation. Using a numerical score, all three groups had unique patterns with FM patients demonstrating less response to stimulation. This cytokine profile test had a 93 % sensitivity and an 89.4 % specificity for the diagnosis of FM. We also found that these profiles are relatively sensitive and specific for FM compared to SLE and RA. It remains unclear if these differences are directly related to the pathogenesis of FM.[23]


There does not appear to be firm and consistent evidence to support the hypothesis that the prevalence of BPD (Borderline Personality Disorder) would be higher in individuals with fibromyalgia compared with the general population.[27]

Fibromyalgia causes subclinical axonal damage in the RNFL that can be detected using innocuous and non-invasive OCT, even in the early disease stages. The impact on the RNFL in the temporal sectors is greater in patients with biologic fibromyalgia, suggesting the presence of neurodegenerative processes in this subgroup of patients with fibromyalgia.[28]

Fig 1. Representation and interpretation of the report from the Axonal application of the Spectralis optical coherence tomography in a control (left side) and in a patient with fibromyalgia and retina nerve fiber layer thinning (right side)[29]




Figure 2[35]


Here, we identify a set of three brain patterns based on fMRI responses to pressure pain and non-painful multisensory stimulation. These patterns, taken together, discriminate FM from matched healthy controls with 92% sensitivity and 94% specificity.[35]

Figure 2. Multivariate brain pattern that predicts fibromyalgia status on the basis of brain activation during painful (pressure) stimulation. Positive weight values reflect higher pain-evoked activation in FM patients relative to healthy participants, whereas negative weight values reflect reduced pain-evoked activation in FM patients. A. SVM pattern of whole-brain voxel weights that optimizes classification of FM patients and healthy participants. We provide the voxel-by-voxel weights for three representative regions (anterior SII, right dorsolateral and dorsomedial PFC) to illustrate the concept of weighted pattern. B. Regions whose voxel weights contributed most reliably to the prediction of FM status (q<0.05 FDR-corrected for the first two rows; p-uncorrected<0.001 to further illustrate the findings).[35]


SNPs with significant TDTs were found in 36% of the cohort for CCL11 and 12% for MEFV, along with a protein variant in CCL4 (41%) that affects CCR5 down-regulation, supporting an immune involvement for FM.[38]

  • Fig 1. Expression of wild type and variant (Ala23Thr) CCL11

    Fig 1. Expression of wild type and variant (Ala23Thr) CCL11

  • Fig 3. Functional analyses of WT vs varCCL4 in immature dendritic cells or CEM.NKR CCR5 T-cells

    Fig 3. Functional analyses of WT vs varCCL4 in immature dendritic cells or CEM.NKR CCR5 T-cells

  • Fig 4. Wild type versus varCCL4 in the down-regulation of CCR5 in a 9 day mixed lymphocyte culture

    Fig 4. Wild type versus varCCL4 in the down-regulation of CCR5 in a 9 day mixed lymphocyte culture


Our work provides the first in vivo evidence supporting a role for glial activation in FM pathophysiology. Given that the elevations in [11C]PBR28 signal were not also accompanied by increased [11C]-L-deprenyl-D2 signal, our data suggests that microglia, but not astrocytes, may be driving the TSPO elevation in these regions. Although [11C]-L-deprenyl-D2 signal was not found to be increased in FM patients, larger studies are needed to further assess the role of possible astrocytic contributions in FM. Overall, our data support glial modulation as a potential therapeutic strategy for FM.[41]

  • Fig 1. Fibromyalgia Glial Activation Voxelwise group differences in [11C]PBR28 VT. A

    Fig 1. Fibromyalgia Glial Activation Voxelwise group differences in [11C]PBR28 VT. A

  • Fig. 2. Fibromyalgia Glial Activation Voxelwise group differences in [11C]PBR28 SUVR A

    Fig. 2. Fibromyalgia Glial Activation Voxelwise group differences in [11C]PBR28 SUVR A

  • Fig. 3. Fibromyalgia Glial Activation Agreement between SUVR and VT analyses A

    Fig. 3. Fibromyalgia Glial Activation Agreement between SUVR and VT analyses A

  • Fig 4. Fibromyalgia Glial Cells Associations between [11C]PBR28 SUVR and clinical variables

    Fig 4. Fibromyalgia Glial Cells Associations between [11C]PBR28 SUVR and clinical variables

  • Fig. 5. Fibromyalgia Glial Cells Absence of group differences in [11C]-L-deprenyl-D2 λk3

    Fig. 5. Fibromyalgia Glial Cells Absence of group differences in [11C]-L-deprenyl-D2 λk3

What we did not find in our unbiased CritFM samples was 9:1 female to male fibromyalgia ratios that are widely described by expert sources [11–13]. We believe that such findings only occur in the presence of selection bias or biased ascertainment.[43]

As unbiased epidemiological studies show only a small increase in the female to male sex ratio (~1.5:1) as opposed to the observed ratio in clinical studies of 9:1, we believe that the over-identification of fibromyalgia in women and the consequent under-identification of men is the result of bias.[43]

FM is a disease continuum characterized by progressive and identifiable classifications. Four classes of FM can be differentiated by pain and symptom severity, specific comorbidities, and use of clinical procedures.[44]

This commentary presents a simplified way of making the diagnosis of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) using the 1994 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention case definition. The format used can easily be modified for other case definitions. The commentary then discusses whether ME/CFS is the same or a different illness from fibromyalgia. Because overlap exists between the 2 syndromes, some investigators have posited that they are variants of the same illness. I have viewed this as an empirically testable hypothesis and have summoned considerable amounts of data that suggest that the 2 illnesses differ. Were differences to exist, that would suggest different pathophysiologic processes for each, leading to different treatments.[45]

A fibromyalgia blood test was the aim of the study by Hacksaw et al (2018), which looked for a fibromyalgia biomarker and found a unique metabolic fingerprint which distinguished all patients with fibromyalgia from those with systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.[46] The study only analysed blood samples from rheumatic diseases, so it did not include patients with ME/CFS or other illnesses which can chronic pain.[46]
Fibromyalgia (FM) is one of the most frequent generalized pain disorders with poorly understood neurobiological mechanisms. This condition accounts for an enormous proportion of healthcare costs. Despite extensive research, the etiology of FM is unknown and thus, there is no disease modifying therapy available for this condition. We show that most (if not all) patients with FM belong to a distinct population that can be segregated from a control group by their glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels, a surrogate marker of insulin resistance (IR). This was demonstrated by analyzing the data after introducing an age stratification correction into a linear regression model. This strategy showed highly significant differences between FM patients and control subjects (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0002, for two separate control populations, respectively). A subgroup of patients meeting criteria for pre-diabetes or diabetes (patients with HbA1c values of 5.7% or greater) who had undergone treatment with metformin showed dramatic improvements of their widespread myofascial pain, as shown by their scores using a pre and post-treatment numerical pain rating scale (NPRS) for evaluation. Although preliminary, these findings suggest a pathogenetic relationship between FM and IR, which may lead to a radical paradigm shift in the management of this disorder.

Psychological paradigm[edit | edit source]

Conclusion: No specific fibromyalgia personality is defined but it is proposed that personality is an important filter that modulates a person’s response to psychological stressors. Certain personalities may facilitate translation of these stressors to physiological responses driving the fibromyalgia mechanism.[48]

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy[edit | edit source]

Blog on personal experience[edit | edit source]

Grant awards and current research[edit | edit source]

See also[edit | edit source]


References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ "Fibromyalgia Pain Isn't All In Patient's Heads, New Brain Study Finds". sciencedaily.com. June 7, 2002. Retrieved August 9, 2018. Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  2. ↑ Pimentel, M; Wallace, D; Hallegua, D; Chow, E; Kong, Y; Park, S; Lin, H (2004). "A link between irritable bowel syndrome and fibromyalgia may be related to findings on lactulose breath testing". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 63 (4): 450–452. doi:10.1136/ard.2003.011502. ISSN 0003-4967. PMID 15020342.
  3. ↑ Ifergane, G.; Buskila, D.; Simiseshvely, N.; Zeev, K.; Cohen, H. (2006). "Prevalence of fibromyalgia syndrome in migraine patients". Cephalalgia: An International Journal of Headache. 26 (4): 451–456. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2982.2005.01060.x. ISSN 0333-1024. PMID 16556247.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Borsook, David; Moulton, Eric A; Schmidt, Karl F; Becerra, Lino R (September 11, 2007). "Neuroimaging Revolutionizes Therapeutic Approaches to Chronic Pain". Molecular Pain. 3 (1): 1744–8069-3-25. doi:10.1186/1744-8069-3-25. ISSN 1744-8069. PMID 17848191.
  5. ↑ de Tommaso, M.; Sardaro, M.; Serpino, C.; Costantini, F.; Vecchio, E.; Prudenzano, M. Pia; Lamberti, P.; Livrea, P. (2009). "Fibromyalgia comorbidity in primary headaches". Cephalalgia: An International Journal of Headache. 29 (4): 453–464. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2982.2008.01754.x. ISSN 1468-2982. PMID 19170692.
  6. ↑ Nickel, J. Curtis; Tripp, Dean A.; Pontari, Michel; Moldwin, Robert; Mayer, Robert; Carr, Lesley K.; Doggweiler, Ragi; Yang, Claire C.; Mishra, Nagendra (2010). "Interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome and associated medical conditions with an emphasis on irritable bowel syndrome, fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome". The Journal of Urology. 184 (4): 1358–1363. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2010.06.005. ISSN 1527-3792. PMID 20719340.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Jahan, Firdous; Nanji, Kashmira; Qidwai, Waris; Qasim, Rizwan (2012). "Fibromyalgia Syndrome: An Overview of Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Management". Oman Medical Journal. 27 (3): 192–195. doi:10.5001/omj.2012.44. ISSN 1999-768X. PMID 22811766.
  8. ↑ Meeus, M.; Kosek, E.; Van Oosterwijck, J.; Nijs, J. (September 2011). "Dysfunctional endogenous analgesia during exercise in patients with chronic pain: To exercise or not to exercise?". European Journal of Pain Supplements. 5 (1): 8. doi:10.1016/s1754-3207(11)70024-4. ISSN 1754-3207.
  9. ↑ Bidonde, Julia; Busch, Angela J.; Webber, Sandra C.; Schachter, Candice L.; Danyliw, Adrienne; Overend, Tom J.; Richards, Rachel S.; Rader, Tamara (October 28, 2014). "Aquatic exercise training for fibromyalgia". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (10): CD011336. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011336. ISSN 1469-493X. PMID 25350761.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Loggia, Marco L.; Chonde, Daniel B.; Akeju, Oluwaseun; Arabasz, Grae; Catana, Ciprian; Edwards, Robert R.; Hill, Elena; Hsu, Shirley; Izquierdo-Garcia, David (January 8, 2015). "Evidence for brain glial activation in chronic pain patients". Brain. 138 (3): 604–615. doi:10.1093/brain/awu377. ISSN 1460-2156.
  11. ↑ Fatima, Ghizal; Das, Siddharth Kumar; Mahdi, Abbas Ali (July 14, 2015). "Some oxidative and antioxidative parameters and their relationship with clinical symptoms in women with fibromyalgia syndrome". International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases. 20 (1): 39–45. doi:10.1111/1756-185x.12550. ISSN 1756-1841.
  12. ↑ Lukkahatai, Nada; Walitt, Brian; Espina, Alexandra; Gelio, Alves; Saligan, Leorey N. (December 21, 2015). "Understanding the Association of Fatigue With Other Symptoms of Fibromyalgia: Development of a Cluster Model". Arthritis Care & Research. 68 (1): 99–107. doi:10.1002/acr.22626. ISSN 2151-464X. PMID 26017904.
  13. ↑ Reshkova, V; D, Kalinova; Milanov, Ivan (January 1, 2015). "Evaluation of Antiviral Antibodies against Epstein-Barr Virus and Neurotransmitters in Patients with Fibromyalgia". Journal of Neurology and Neuroscience. 6: 35. doi:10.21767/2171-6625.100035.
  14. ↑ Vatthauer, Karlyn E; Craggs, Jason G; Robinson, Michael E; Staud, Roland; Berry, Richard B; Perlstein, William M; McCrae, Christina S (November 12, 2015). "Sleep is associated with task-negative brain activity in fibromyalgia participants with comorbid chronic insomnia". Journal of Pain Research. 8: 819–827. doi:10.2147/JPR.S87501. ISSN 1178-7090. PMID 26648751.
  15. ↑ Lukkahatai, Nada; Walitt, Brian; Espina, Alexandra; Gelio, Alves; Saligan, Leorey N. (December 21, 2015). "Understanding the Association of Fatigue With Other Symptoms of Fibromyalgia: Development of a Cluster Model". Arthritis Care & Research. 68 (1): 99–107. doi:10.1002/acr.22626. ISSN 2151-464X. PMID 26017904.
  16. ↑ Coppieters, Iris; Ickmans, Kelly; Cagnie, Barbara; Nijs, Jo; De Pauw, Robby; Meeus, Mira (2015). "Cognitive performance is related to central sensitization in patients with chronic whiplash-associated disorders and fibromyalgia: a case-control study". Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  17. ↑ Wyatt, H. J.; Day, N. W. (January 16, 1976). "Specific effects of neurotransmitter antagonists on ganglion cells in rabbit retina" (PDF). Science (New York, N.Y.). 191 (4223): 204–205. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 1857 – via European Scientific Journal.
  18. ↑ "Normalization of aberrant resting state functional connectivity in fibromyalgia patients following a three month physical exercise therapy". NeuroImage: Clinical. 9: 134–139. January 1, 2015. doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2015.08.004. ISSN 2213-1582.
  19. ↑ "Researchers identify potential sleep-related treatment targets for fibromyalgia". ScienceDaily. Retrieved August 9, 2018.
  20. ↑ "Fibromyalgia has central nervous system origins". ScienceDaily. Retrieved August 9, 2018.
  21. ↑ Banafsheh, Ghavidel-Parsa,; Ali, Bidari,; Alireza, Amir Maafi,; Babak, Ghalebaghi, (July 1, 2015). "The Iceberg Nature of Fibromyalgia Burden: The Clinical and Economic Aspects". The Korean Journal of Pain. 28 (3). doi:10.3344/kjp.2015.28.3.169&code=0047kjp&vmode=full. ISSN 2005-9159.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  22. ↑ Sevimli, Dilek; Kozanoglu, Erkan; Guzel, Rengin; Doganay, Ahmet (2015). "The effects of aquatic, isometric strength-stretching and aerobic exercise on physical and psychological parameters of female patients with fibromyalgia syndrome". Journal of Physical Therapy Science. 27 (6): 1781–1786. doi:10.1589/jpts.27.1781. ISSN 0915-5287. PMID 26180320.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Wallace, Daniel J.; Gavin, Igor M.; Karpenko, Oleksly; Barkhordar, Farnaz; Gillis, Bruce S. (2015). "Cytokine and chemokine profiles in fibromyalgia, rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus: a potentially useful tool in differential diagnosis". Rheumatology International. 35 (6): 991–996. doi:10.1007/s00296-014-3172-2. ISSN 1437-160X. PMID 25377646.
  24. ↑ Kim, Jieun; Loggia, Marco L.; Cahalan, Christine M.; Harris, Richard E.; Beissner, Florian; Garcia, Ronald G.; Kim, Hyungjun; Barbieri, Riccardo; Wasan, Ajay D. (April 27, 2015). "The Somatosensory Link in Fibromyalgia: Functional Connectivity of the Primary Somatosensory Cortex Is Altered by Sustained Pain and Is Associated With Clinical/Autonomic Dysfunction". Arthritis & Rheumatology. 67 (5): 1395–1405. doi:10.1002/art.39043. ISSN 2326-5191. PMID 25622796.
  25. ↑ Cerdá-Olmedo, Germán; Mena-Durán, Armando Vicente; Monsalve, Vicente; Oltra, Elisa (March 24, 2015). "Identification of a MicroRNA Signature for the Diagnosis of Fibromyalgia". PLoS ONE. 10 (3). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0121903. ISSN 1932-6203. PMID 25803872.
  26. ↑ Oezel, Lisa; Then, Hanna; Jung, Anna L.; Jabari, Samir; Bonaterra, Gabriel A.; Wissniowski, Thaddeus T.; Önel, Susanne F.; Ocker, Matthias; Thieme, Kati (2016). "Fibromyalgia syndrome: metabolic and autophagic processes in intermittent cold stress mice". Pharmacology Research & Perspectives. 4 (5): e00248. doi:10.1002/prp2.248. ISSN 2052-1707. PMID 27713820.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Penfold, Sarah; Denis, Emily St; Mazhar, Mir Nadeem (July 2016). "The association between borderline personality disorder, fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome: systematic review". BJPsych Open. 2 (4): 275–279. doi:10.1192/bjpo.bp.115.002808. ISSN 2056-4724.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Garcia-Martin, Elena; Garcia-Campayo, Javier; Puebla-Guedea, Marta; Ascaso, Francisco J.; Roca, Miguel; Gutierrez-Ruiz, Fernando; Vilades, Elisa; Polo, Vicente; Larrosa, Jose M. (September 1, 2016). "Fibromyalgia Is Correlated with Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thinning". PLOS ONE. 11 (9): e0161574. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0161574. ISSN 1932-6203. PMID 27584145.
  29. ↑ Garcia-Martin, Elena; Garcia-Campayo, Javier; Puebla-Guedea, Marta; Ascaso, Francisco J.; Roca, Miguel; Gutierrez-Ruiz, Fernando; Vilades, Elisa; Polo, Vicente; Larrosa, Jose M. (September 1, 2016). "Fibromyalgia Is Correlated with Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thinning". PLOS ONE. 11 (9): e0161574. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0161574. ISSN 1932-6203.
  30. ↑ Overman, Cécile L.; Kool, Marianne B.; Da Silva, José A. P.; Geenen, Rinie (2016). "The prevalence of severe fatigue in rheumatic diseases: an international study". Clinical Rheumatology. 35 (2): 409–415. doi:10.1007/s10067-015-3035-6. ISSN 1434-9949. PMID 26272057.
  31. ↑ Roth, Thomas; Bhadra-Brown, Pritha; Pitman, Verne W.; Roehrs, Timothy A.; Resnick, E. Malca (2016). "Characteristics of Disturbed Sleep in Patients With Fibromyalgia Compared With Insomnia or With Pain-Free Volunteers". The Clinical Journal of Pain. 32 (4): 302–307. doi:10.1097/AJP.0000000000000261. ISSN 0749-8047.
  32. ↑ Abtroun, Lilia; Bunouf, Pierre; Gendreau, Roger M.; Vitton, Olivier (2016). "Is the Efficacy of Milnacipran in Fibromyalgia Predictable? A Data-Mining Analysis of Baseline and Outcome Variables". The Clinical Journal of Pain. 32 (5): 435–440. doi:10.1097/AJP.0000000000000284. ISSN 1536-5409. PMID 26218005.
  33. ↑ Zamunér, Antonio Roberto; Porta, Alberto; Andrade, Carolina Pieroni; Forti, Meire; Marchi, Andrea; Furlan, Raffaello; Barbic, Franca; Catai, Aparecida Maria; Silva, Ester (2017). "The degree of cardiac baroreflex involvement during active standing is associated with the quality of life in fibromyalgia patients". PloS One. 12 (6): e0179500. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0179500. ISSN 1932-6203. PMID 28614420.
  34. ↑ Bäckryd, Emmanuel; Tanum, Lars; Lind, Anne-Li; Larsson, Anders; Gordh, Torsten (2017). "Evidence of both systemic inflammation and neuroinflammation in fibromyalgia patients, as assessed by a multiplex protein panel applied to the cerebrospinal fluid and to plasma". Journal of Pain Research. Volume 10: 515–525. doi:10.2147/JPR.S128508. ISSN 1178-7090.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 López-Solà, Marina; Woo, Choong-Wan; Pujol, Jesus; Deus, Joan; Harrison, Ben J.; Monfort, Jordi; Wager, Tor D. (2017). "Towards a neurophysiological signature for fibromyalgia". Pain. 158 (1): 34–47. doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000707. ISSN 1872-6623. PMID 27583567.
  36. ↑ Boomershine, Chad S.; Koch, Todd A.; Morris, David (2018). "A Blinded, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study to Investigate the Efficacy and Safety of Ferric Carboxymaltose in Iron-Deficient Patients with Fibromyalgia". Rheumatology and Therapy. 5 (1): 271–281. doi:10.1007/s40744-017-0088-9. ISSN 2198-6576. PMID 29149437.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Wolfe, Frederick; Walitt, Brian; Rasker, Johannes J.; Häuser, Winfried (July 15, 2018). "Primary and Secondary Fibromyalgia Are The Same: The Universality of Polysymptomatic Distress". The Journal of Rheumatology: jrheum.180083. doi:10.3899/jrheum.180083. ISSN 0315-162X. PMID 30008459.
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Zhang, Zhifang; Feng, Jinong; Mao, Allen; Le, Keith; Placa, Deirdre La; Wu, Xiwei; Longmate, Jeffrey; Marek, Claudia; Amand, R. Paul St (June 21, 2018). "SNPs in inflammatory genes CCL11, CCL4 and MEFV in a fibromyalgia family study". PLOS ONE. 13 (6): e0198625. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0198625. ISSN 1932-6203. PMID 29927949.
  39. ↑ Wu, Yu-Lin; Huang, Chun-Jen; Fang, Su-Chen; Ko, Ling-Hsin; Tsai, Pei-Shan (June 1, 2018). "Cognitive Impairment in Fibromyalgia: A Meta-Analysis of Case–Control Studies". insights.ovid.com. Retrieved August 28, 2018. Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  40. ↑ Bourgaize, Sheryl; Newton, Genevieve; Kumbhare, Dinesh; Srbely, John (2018). "A comparison of the clinical manifestation and pathophysiology of myofascial pain syndrome and fibromyalgia: implications for differential diagnosis and management" (PDF). Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Assoc. See Table 1 "Summary of the pathophysiology of fibromyalgia and myofascial pain syndrome." pg. 29 (pg. 4 of PDF).
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Albrecht, Daniel S.; Forsberg, Anton; Sandstrom, Angelica; Bergan, Courtney; Kadetoff, Diana; Protsenko, Ekaterina; Lampa, Jon; Lee, Yvonne C.; Höglundi, Caroline Olgart (September 14, 2018). Catana, Ciprian; Cervenka, Simon; Akeju, Oluwaseun; Lekander, Mats; Cohen, George; Halldin, Christer; Taylor, Norman; Kim, Minhae; Hooker, Jacob M.; Loggia, Marco L. "Brain glial activation in fibromyalgia – A multi-site positron emission tomography investigation". Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2018.09.018. ISSN 0889-1591.
  42. ↑ Martucci, Katherine T; Weber, Kenneth A; Mackey, Sean C (October 3, 2018). "Altered Cervical Spinal Cord Resting State Activity in Fibromyalgia". Arthritis & Rheumatology. doi:10.1002/art.40746. ISSN 2326-5191.
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 Wolfe, Frederick; Walitt, Brian; Perrot, Serge; Rasker, Johannes J.; Häuser, Winfried (September 13, 2018). "Fibromyalgia diagnosis and biased assessment: Sex, prevalence and bias". PLOS ONE. 13 (9): e0203755. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0203755. ISSN 1932-6203. PMID 30212526.
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Davis, Fred; Gostine, Mark; Roberts, Bradley; Risko, Rebecca; Cappelleri, Joseph; Sadosky, Alesia (2018). "Characterizing classes of fibromyalgia within the continuum of central sensitization syndrome". Journal of Pain Research. Volume 11: 2551–2560. doi:10.2147/JPR.S147199. ISSN 1178-7090.
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 Natelson, Benjamin H. (February 19, 2019). "Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Fibromyalgia: Definitions, Similarities, and Differences". Clinical Therapeutics. 0 (0). doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2018.12.016. ISSN 0149-2918. PMID 30795933.
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 Rodriguez-Saona, Luis; Giusti, M. Mónica; Buffington, Charles A. T.; Yu, Lianbo; Madiai, Francesca; Pujolras, Marcal Plans; Sigurdson, Gregory T.; Aykas, Didem P.; Hackshaw, Kevin V. (December 6, 2018). "Metabolic fingerprinting for diagnosis of fibromyalgia and other rheumatologic disorders". Journal of Biological Chemistry: jbc.RA118.005816. doi:10.1074/jbc.RA118.005816. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 30523152.
  47. ↑ https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0216079
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 Malin, Katrina; Littlejohn, Geoffrey O (September 7, 2012). "Personality and Fibromyalgia Syndrome". The Open Rheumatology Journal. 6: 273–285. doi:10.2174/1874312901206010273. ISSN 1874-3129. PMID 23002409.
  49. ↑ Theoharides, Theoharis C.; Stewart, Julia M.; Hatziagelaki, Erifili; Kolaitis, Gerasimos (2015). "Brain "fog," inflammation and obesity: key aspects of neuropsychiatric disorders improved by luteolin". Frontiers in Neuroscience. 9: 225. doi:10.3389/fnins.2015.00225. ISSN 1662-4548. PMID 26190965.
  50. ↑ Hyland, Michael E; Hinton, Claire; Hill, Charlotte; Whalley, Ben; Jones, Rupert CM; Davies, Anthony F (July 8, 2016). "Explaining unexplained pain to fibromyalgia patients: finding a narrative that is acceptable to patients and provides a rationale for evidence based interventions". British Journal of Pain. 10 (3): 156–161. doi:10.1177/2049463716642601. ISSN 2049-4637. PMID 27583142.
  51. ↑ Wolfe, Frederick; Walitt, Brian (October 15, 2016). "Fibromyalgia: A Short Commentary" (PDF). Journal of Headache & Pain Management. doi:10.4172/2472-1913.100027. ISSN 2472-1913 – via iMedPub Journals.
  52. ↑ Efrati, Shai; Golan, Haim; Bechor, Yair; Faran, Yifat; Daphna-Tekoah, Shir; Sekler, Gal; Fishlev, Gregori; Ablin, Jacob N.; Bergan, Jacob (May 26, 2015). "Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Can Diminish Fibromyalgia Syndrome – Prospective Clinical Trial". PLOS ONE. 10 (5): e0127012. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0127012. ISSN 1932-6203. PMID 26010952.
  53. ↑ "Women who suffer from fibromyalgia benefit from hyperbaric oxygen therapy". News-Medical.net. June 3, 2015. Retrieved August 9, 2018.
  54. ↑ "Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for treating Fibromyalgia: An update". February Stars. June 20, 2016. Retrieved August 9, 2018.
  55. ↑ "Chronic pain researchers to expand work with $7.5M award from NIH | Michigan Medicine". www.uofmhealth.org. October 17, 2016. Retrieved August 9, 2018. Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  56. ↑ Black, Rachel (June 20, 2018). "NIH Announces Precision Medicine Initiative - Bateman Horne Center". Bateman Horne Center. Retrieved August 9, 2018. Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  57. ↑ "National Institutes of Health (NIH) — All of Us". allofus.nih.gov. Retrieved August 9, 2018.
  58. ↑ Coghlan, Ed (September 5, 2018). "Can an Existing Vaccine Help Treat Fibromyalgia?". National Pain Report. Retrieved September 10, 2018. Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  59. ↑ Gregory Burch, Donna (August 14, 2017). "Century-old Vaccine Gives New Hope to Fibromyalgia Community - Prohealth". Prohealth. Retrieved August 9, 2018. Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  60. ↑ Gregory Burch, Donna (August 14, 2017). "Century-old Vaccine Gives New Hope to Fibromyalgia Community - Prohealth". Prohealth. See Comments Section: CDW12 says: June 26, 2018 at 2:05 pm. Retrieved August 9, 2018. Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  61. ↑ Cooper, Celeste (July 5, 2018). "The FM/a® Blood Test and Participation in Fibromyalgia Vaccine Study". www.celestecooper.com. Retrieved August 9, 2018. Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  62. ↑ Gregory Burch, Donna (August 14, 2017). "Century-old Vaccine Gives New Hope to Fibromyalgia Community - Prohealth". Prohealth. Retrieved August 9, 2018. Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)

central nervous system (CNS) - One of the two parts of the human nervous system, the other part being the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system consists of nerves that travel from the central nervous system into the various organs and tissues of the body.

etiology The cause of origin, especially of a disease.

neuroendocrine relating to hormones that influence the nervous system

neuroendocrine relating to hormones that influence the nervous system

Canadian Consensus Criteria (CCC) - A set of diagnostic criteria used to diagnose ME/CFS, developed by a group of practicing ME/CFS clinicians in 2003. The CCC is often considered to be the most complex criteria, but possibly the most accurate, with the lowest number of patients meeting the criteria. Led to the development of the International Consensus Criteria (ICC) in 2011.

cytokine any class of immunoregulatory proteins secreted by cells, especially immune cells. Cytokines are small proteins important in cell signaling that modulate the immune system. (Learn more: me-pedia.org)

T cell A type of white blood cell which is mostly produced or matured in the thymus gland (hence T-cell) and is involved in the adaptive immune response on a cellular level. Also known as a T lymphocyte. (Learn more: www.youtube.com)

bias Bias in research is "a systematic deviation of an observation from the true clinical state". (Learn more: me-pedia.org)

bias Bias in research is "a systematic deviation of an observation from the true clinical state". (Learn more: me-pedia.org)

physiological Concerning living organisms, such as cells or the human body.  Physio logical (as in physio) is not to be confused with psych ological (emotional stress).

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