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Hippocampus
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The '''hippocampus''' is a region of the [[brain]] important for consolidation of information from short-term memory to long-term memory, spatial navigation, and mood.<ref name="Neuroanatomy2020">{{Cite book | last = Torrico | first = Tyler J. | last2 = Abdijadid | first2 = Sara | date = 2021 | title=Neuroanatomy, Limbic System | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538491/|location=Treasure Island (FL)| publisher = StatPearls Publishing|pmid=30860726}}</ref><ref name="Baptista2018">{{Cite journal | last = Baptista | first = Pedro | last2 = Andrade | first2 = José P. | date = 2018 | title = Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis: Regulation and Possible Functional and Clinical Correlates | url = https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnana.2018.00044/full|journal=Frontiers in Neuroanatomy|language=English|volume=12|doi=10.3389/fnana.2018.00044|issn=1662-5129}}</ref> The name hippocampus derives from the Greek word for seahorse, in that it mimics a seahorse in size and shape. The plural of hippocampus is hippocampi.<ref name="Merriam-Webster" /> The brain <ref name="Merriam-Webster">{{Cite web | title = Definition of HIPPOCAMPUS|website=Merrian-Webster Dictionary|access-date=2021-03-01 | url = https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hippocampus}}</ref> Some parts of the hippocampus may be able to generate new nerve cells, a process called [[neurogenesis]], to replace older hippocampus nerves.<ref name="Baptista2018" /> Brian neurogenesis was once believed to not exist in adults. <ref name="Baptista2018" /> If the hippocampus can not generate new cells because of illness or medication, [[Memory problems|poor memory]] and [[depression]] may result. <ref name="TedTalk">{{Citation | last = Thuret | first = Sandrine | title = You can grow new brain cells. Here's how | date = 2015 | url=https://www.ted.com/talks/sandrine_thuret_you_can_grow_new_brain_cells_here_s_how|volume=|issue=|pages=|chapter=|edition=| publisher = Ted Talks|language=en|isbn=|access-date=2021-03-01 | last2 = | first2 = }}</ref><ref name="Sweatt2016">{{Cite journal | last = Sweatt | first = J. David | date = 2016 | title=Neural plasticity and behavior – sixty years of conceptual advances | url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jnc.13580|journal=Journal of Neurochemistry|language=en|volume=139|issue=S2|pages=179–199|doi=10.1111/jnc.13580|issn=1471-4159}}</ref> ==Exercise == Exercise, including aerobic training, has been shown to slightly increase the volume of the hippocampus, and help reduce age-related decline.<ref name="Baptista2018" /> {{See also|Exercise}} ==Role in ME/CFS== The hippocampus is shown to be damaged or atrophied in [[ME/CFS]] and [[fibromyalgia]]. Sleep disturbances common in ME/CFS and FM can, in turn, further impact the hippocampus and initiate a vicious circle of increased disability.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Saury | first = Jean-Michel | authorlink = | date = Jan 2016 | title = The role of the hippocampus in the pathogenesis of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) | url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26804593/|journal=Medical Hypotheses|volume=86|issue= | pages = 30–38|doi=10.1016/j.mehy.2015.11.024|issn=1532-2777|pmc=|pmid=26804593|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref> In 2014, researchers in Japan, at the RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, in collaboration with Osaka City University and Kansai University of Welfare Sciences, used functional PET imaging to show that levels of [[Neuroinflammation|inflammation of the nervous system]], are higher in patients with [[chronic fatigue syndrome]] than in healthy people. The researchers found that inflammation in certain areas of the brain—the cingulate cortex, hippocampus, [[amygdala]], thalamus, midbrain, and pons—was elevated in a way that correlated with the symptoms.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.riken.jp/en/pr/press/2014/20140404_1/ | title = Toward a clearer diagnosis of chronic fatigue syndrome {{!}} Press release | last = | first = | authorlink = | date = 2014 | website = RIKEN|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-02-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last = Nakatomi | first = Y. | last2 = Mizuno | first2 = K. | last3 = Ishii | first3 = A. | last4 = Wada | first4 = Y. | last5 = Tanaka | first5 = M. | last6 = Tazawa | first6 = S. | last7 = Onoe | first7 = K. | last8 = Fukuda | first8 = S. | last9 = Kawabe | first9 = J. | date = 2014-06-01 | title = Neuroinflammation in Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis: An 11C-(R)-PK11195 PET Study | url = http://jnm.snmjournals.org/cgi/doi/10.2967/jnumed.113.131045|journal=Journal of Nuclear Medicine|language=en|volume=55|issue=6 | pages = 945–950|doi=10.2967/jnumed.113.131045|issn=0161-5505}}</ref> Since the hippocampus is negatively affected by emotional [[stress]], some programs that are suggested as a treatment for ME/CFS emphasize stress reduction, for example [[Mindfulness and meditation|meditation]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://phoenixrising.me/me-cfs-treatments/mind-body/meditation/treating-chronic-fatigue-syndrome-mecfs-meditation | title = Treating Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) - Meditation | last = | first = | authorlink = | date = 2006 | website = PhoenixRising| publisher = |language=en-US|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-02-28}}</ref><ref name="HopeHealing">{{Cite book | title = Hope and help for chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia|pages=|isbn=978-1-58182-670-8|edition=2nd|volume=|language=|title-link= | url = https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/221175860|access-date= | date = 2008| publisher = Cumberland House Pub | last = Bested | first = Alison C. | authorlink = Alison Bested | last2 = Logan | first2 = Alan C | authorlink2 = |veditors=|others=Russell Howe|doi=|oclc=221175860|quote=|archive-url=|archive-date=|location=Nashville, Tenn.|editor-last = |editor-first = |editor1-link=|editor-last2 = |editor-first2 = }}</ref>, biofeedback<ref name="James1996">{{Cite journal | last = James | first = L.C. | last2 = Folen | first2 = R.A. | date = 1996 | title = EEG biofeedback as a treatment for chronic fatigue syndrome: a controlled case report | url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8879459/|journal=Behavioral Medicine |location =Washington,D.C.|volume=22|issue=2 | pages = 77–81|doi=10.1080/08964289.1996.9933767|issn=0896-4289|pmid=8879459}}</ref>, and [[yoga]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.yogajournal.com/lifestyle/health/rest-for-the-weary/ | title = Yoga for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Relief | date = 2007-08-28 | website = Yoga Journal|access-date=2021-02-28}}</ref>, although no stress management or [[mental health]] treatment for ME/CFS has established clear positive results. [[Anxiety]] and stress are not considered [[List of symptoms in ME CFS|diagnostic symptoms]] of ME/CFS. == Learn more == * 2020, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538491/ Neuroanatomy, Limbic System] - StatPearls * 2015, [https://www.ted.com/talks/sandrine_thuret_you_can_grow_new_brain_cells_here_s_how You can Grow New Brain Cells - Here's How] - Sandrine Thuret, Ted Talk * 2016, [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jnc.13580 Neural plasticity and behavior – sixty years of conceptual advances] - Journal of Neurochemistry ==See also== *[[Brain]] *[[Neurology of ME/CFS]] *[[Neuroinflammation]] *[[Amygdala hypothesis]] ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Body systems]] [[Category:Neurology]] [[Category:Central nervous system]] [[Category:Anatomy]]
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