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Hippocampus
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==Role in ME/CFS== The hippocampus is shown to be damaged or atrophied in [[ME/CFS]] and [[fibromyalgia]]. Sleep disturbances common in ME/CFS and FM can, in turn, further impact the hippocampus and initiate a vicious circle of increased disability.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Saury | first = Jean-Michel | authorlink = | date = Jan 2016 | title = The role of the hippocampus in the pathogenesis of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) | url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26804593/|journal=Medical Hypotheses|volume=86|issue= | pages = 30–38|doi=10.1016/j.mehy.2015.11.024|issn=1532-2777|pmc=|pmid=26804593|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref> In 2014, researchers in Japan, at the RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, in collaboration with Osaka City University and Kansai University of Welfare Sciences, used functional PET imaging to show that levels of [[Neuroinflammation|inflammation of the nervous system]], are higher in patients with [[chronic fatigue syndrome]] than in healthy people. The researchers found that inflammation in certain areas of the brain—the cingulate cortex, hippocampus, [[amygdala]], thalamus, midbrain, and pons—was elevated in a way that correlated with the symptoms.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.riken.jp/en/pr/press/2014/20140404_1/ | title = Toward a clearer diagnosis of chronic fatigue syndrome {{!}} Press release | last = | first = | authorlink = | date = 2014 | website = RIKEN|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-02-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last = Nakatomi | first = Y. | last2 = Mizuno | first2 = K. | last3 = Ishii | first3 = A. | last4 = Wada | first4 = Y. | last5 = Tanaka | first5 = M. | last6 = Tazawa | first6 = S. | last7 = Onoe | first7 = K. | last8 = Fukuda | first8 = S. | last9 = Kawabe | first9 = J. | date = 2014-06-01 | title = Neuroinflammation in Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis: An 11C-(R)-PK11195 PET Study | url = http://jnm.snmjournals.org/cgi/doi/10.2967/jnumed.113.131045|journal=Journal of Nuclear Medicine|language=en|volume=55|issue=6 | pages = 945–950|doi=10.2967/jnumed.113.131045|issn=0161-5505}}</ref> Since the hippocampus is negatively affected by emotional [[stress]], some programs that are suggested as a treatment for ME/CFS emphasize stress reduction, for example [[Mindfulness and meditation|meditation]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://phoenixrising.me/me-cfs-treatments/mind-body/meditation/treating-chronic-fatigue-syndrome-mecfs-meditation | title = Treating Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) - Meditation | last = | first = | authorlink = | date = 2006 | website = PhoenixRising| publisher = |language=en-US|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-02-28}}</ref><ref name="HopeHealing">{{Cite book | title = Hope and help for chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia|pages=|isbn=978-1-58182-670-8|edition=2nd|volume=|language=|title-link= | url = https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/221175860|access-date= | date = 2008| publisher = Cumberland House Pub | last = Bested | first = Alison C. | authorlink = Alison Bested | last2 = Logan | first2 = Alan C | authorlink2 = |veditors=|others=Russell Howe|doi=|oclc=221175860|quote=|archive-url=|archive-date=|location=Nashville, Tenn.|editor-last = |editor-first = |editor1-link=|editor-last2 = |editor-first2 = }}</ref>, biofeedback<ref name="James1996">{{Cite journal | last = James | first = L.C. | last2 = Folen | first2 = R.A. | date = 1996 | title = EEG biofeedback as a treatment for chronic fatigue syndrome: a controlled case report | url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8879459/|journal=Behavioral Medicine |location =Washington,D.C.|volume=22|issue=2 | pages = 77–81|doi=10.1080/08964289.1996.9933767|issn=0896-4289|pmid=8879459}}</ref>, and [[yoga]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.yogajournal.com/lifestyle/health/rest-for-the-weary/ | title = Yoga for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Relief | date = 2007-08-28 | website = Yoga Journal|access-date=2021-02-28}}</ref>, although no stress management or [[mental health]] treatment for ME/CFS has established clear positive results. [[Anxiety]] and stress are not considered [[List of symptoms in ME CFS|diagnostic symptoms]] of ME/CFS.
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