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Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
(section)
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== Feedback loop == The negative feedback loop of the HPA axis can be described by these three components: # The [[paraventricular nucleus]] of the [[hypothalamus]] contains [[neuroendocrine system|neuroendocrine]] neurons that synthesize and secrete [[vasopressin]] and [[corticotropin-releasing hormone]] (CRH). # These two peptides regulate the secretion of [[adrenocorticotropic hormone]] (ACTH) by the [[pituitary gland]]. ACTH in turn acts on the adrenal cortex, which produces [[glucocorticoid]] hormones (mainly [[cortisol]] in humans as well as mineralocorticoids like [[aldosterone]]) in response to stimulation by ACTH. # [[Glucocorticoid]]s in turn act back on the hypothalamus and pituitary to suppress CRH and ACTH production in a negative feedback cycle.{{citation needed}} In the [[brain]], cortisol acts on two types of receptor β mineralocorticoid receptors and glucocorticoid receptors, and these are expressed by many different types of neurons. Vasopressin can be thought of as "water conservation hormone" and is also known as "antidiuretic hormone." It is released when the body is dehydrated and has potent water-conserving effects on the [[kidney]]. It is also a potent vasoconstrictor.
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