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Immune system
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===Innate Immune System=== Prior to actually getting into the body, [[Pathogen|pathogens]] or toxicants have to pass the body’s most basic immune defense: the skin and mucous. Mucous especially plays an important role because it is present in all the places where infection is most likely to occur (e.g. the eyes, nose and mouth). Innate immunity is the nonspecific method of eliminating pathogens from the body. The main agents that carry out this mass, undiscriminating disposal of pathogens and dead or defective cells are called [[macrophage]]s and [[neutrophil]]s.<ref name="Walter2002">{{Cite book | last = Walter | first = Peter | last2 = Roberts | first2 = Keith | last3 = Raff | first3 = Martin | last4 = Lewis | first4 = Julian | last5 = Johnson | first5 = Alexander | last6 = Alberts | first6 = Bruce | date = 2002 | chapter = Innate Immunity | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26846/ | title = Molecular Biology of the Cell |edition=4th | editor-last = Alberts | editor-first = B | editor-last2 = Johnson | editor-first2 = A | editor-last3 = Lewis | editor-first3 = J | location = New York | publisher = Garland Science |language=en}}</ref> Macrophages are cells derived from monocytes which are made in the bone marrow. Initially, monocytes do not have a specific purpose. However, when these cells travel to and populate different tissues, those tissues emit signals for the type of immune cell that is needed in that area. Monocytes, therefore, alter their shape and function to satisfy work more effectively in their new location. These functions can vary from generalized (e.g. macrophages) to specific such as work done by [[B cell|B-]] and [[T cell]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal | url = https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2015.01.019 | title = Biomaterial based modulation of macrophage polarization: a review and suggested design principles | journal = Materials Today | volume = 18 | issue = 6 | date = July–August 2015 | pages = 313-325 | first = Rukmani | last = Sridharan | first2 = Andrew R. | last2 = Cameron | first3 = Daniel J. | last3 = Kelly | first4 = Cathal J. | last4 = Kearney | first5 = Fergal J. | last5 = O'Brien |doi=10.1016/j.mattod.2015.01.019|access-date=2019-02-27}}</ref> Macrophages are in almost every type of tissue and they are more abundant in tissue types that are especially susceptible to infection (e.g. lungs, stomach).<ref name="macrophages">{{Cite web | url = https://www.immunology.org/public-information/bitesized-immunology/cells/macrophages | title = Macrophages|website = British Society for Immunology|access-date=2019-02-27}}</ref> Because macrophages float around the body until needed, they are nearby and able to quickly migrate to the sight of infection. Within a span of hours they may be done neutralizing the pathogen. Neutrophils are the most populous [[white blood cell]] and, like macrophages, they are phagocytic and come from the bone marrow. They differ from macrophages a couple of ways: they mature in the [[thymus]] despite being produced in the bone marrow<ref name="britannica">{{Cite web | url = https://www.britannica.com/science/neutrophil | title = Neutrophil {{!}} leukocyte|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2019-02-27}}</ref>, and also contain sacs inside them called granules that aid in the breakdown process. While macrophages are migratory and generally close by and can sense sites of infection, neutrophils need to be recruited to the sites.<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/What-is-the-difference-Between-a-Phagocyte-Macrophage-Neutrophil-and-Eosinophil.aspx | title = What is the difference Between a Phagocyte, Macrophage, Neutrophil and Eosinophil? | date = 2018-10-29 | website = News-Medical.net|language=en|access-date=2019-02-27}}</ref> If pathogens make it past the skin and mucous and the macrophages are unable to clear them, the body has uses its [[adaptive immune system]] to attack the germs. After the initial exposure, the body's adaptive immune system "remembers" a specific signature on the germs so that it can be identified and eliminated quickly during all subsequent exposures.<ref name="NBK279396">{{Cite book | url =https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279396/ | title = The innate and adaptive immune systems | last = National Center for Biotechnology Information|location=|url-status=dead|archive-date=|archive-url= | date = 2016-08-04|publisher=Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care|language=en}}</ref>
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