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Imunovir
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'''Imunovir''', '''inosine pranobex''', '''isoprinosine''' or '''inosine acedoben dimepranol''' is an [[:Category:Immunostimulants|immunostimulant]] and antiviral drug.<ref name="medicinesorg">{{Cite web| title = Imunovir 500mg Tablets {{{!}}} Summary of Product Characteristics |website=Electronic Medicines Compendium |access-date = 2021-02-21 | url = https://emc-prod-wa.azurewebsites.net/emc/product/2824/smpc}}</ref> It may also have neurorestorative, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective effects.<ref name="drugscom">{{Cite web | url = https://www.drugs.com/international/inosine-pranobex.html | title = Inosine Pranobex|website=Drugs.com|language=en|access-date=2021-02-23}}</ref><ref name="drugbank">{{Cite web | url = https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB04335 | title = Inosine | last = | first = | authorlink = | date = | website = DrugBank Online|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2021-02-23}}</ref> Imunovir is also known as inosiplex, metisoprinol, inosin pranobex, and brand names include Catacol, Inotin, Lumiclar and Rejuvesol.<ref name="drugbank" /> Imunovir is licensed for use for [[herpes simplex virus]] (HSV), genital warts (in addition to other treatment) and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), a progressive neurological disease caused by the measles virus.<ref name="SSPE">{{Cite web | url = https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Subacute-Sclerosing-Panencephalitis-Information-Page | title = Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis Information Page | last = | first = | authorlink = | date = | website = [[National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2021-02-23}}</ref> It is sometimes used off-label by patients with [[ME/CFS]].<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Smith | first = M.E. Beth | last2 = Haney | first2 = Elizabeth | last3 = McDonagh | first3 = Marian | last4 = Pappas | first4 = Miranda | last5 = Daeges | first5 = Monica | last6 = Wasson | first6 = Ngoc | last7 = Fu | first7 = Rongwei | last8 = Nelson | first8 = HeidiD. | date = 2015-06-16 | title = Treatment of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Systematic Review for a National Institutes of Health Pathways to Prevention Workshop | url = https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/full/10.7326/M15-0114|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=162|issue=12 | pages = 841–850|doi=10.7326/M15-0114|issn=0003-4819}}</ref> ==Theory== ==Evidence== Claims that inosine enhances exercise and athletic performance in healthy people are not supported by the science.<ref name="drugbank" /> In a pilot study of sixteen [[chronic fatigue syndrome]] patients inosine increased [[natural killer cell]] activity and resulted in a clinical improvement in 60% of patients.<ref name="Diaz2003">{{Cite journal | last = Diaz-Mitoma | first = Francisco | last2 = Turgonyi | first2 = Eva | last3 = Kumar | first3 = Ashok | last4 = Lim | first4 = Wilfred | last5 = Larocque | first5 = Louise | last6 = Hyde | first6 = Byron M. | date = 2003-01-01 | title = Clinical Improvement in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Is Associated with Enhanced Natural Killer Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity: The Results of a Pilot Study with Isoprinosine® | url = https://doi.org/10.1300/J092v11n02_06|journal=Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome|volume=11|issue=2 | pages = 71–95|doi=10.1300/J092v11n02_06|issn=1057-3321}}</ref><ref name="Patraca2014">{{Cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books/about/Treatment_of_Chronic_Fatigue_Syndrome_in.html?id=gBekAgAAQBAJ | title = Treatment of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in the Antiviral Revolution Era: What Does the Research Say? | last = Patarca-Montero | first = Roberto | date = |publisher=Routledge| year = 2014|isbn=9781135416294|editor-link=|location= | pages = 41-42|language=en|chapter=|quote= | author-link = Roberto Patarca-Montero|editor-last2 = |editor-link2 = }}</ref> A survey of patients by the [[ME Association]] found that 25% who had tried inosine pranobex found it helpful.<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.sacfs.asn.au/news/2009/09/09_20_adverse_reactions_to_get.htm | title = Adverse Reactions to Graded Exercise Therapy | last = Kindlon | first = Tom | authorlink=Tom Kindlon | date = Sep 20, 2008 | website = [[ME/CFS South Australia Inc]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=}}</ref> ==Clinicians== ==Risks and safety== Side effects include: *increased uric acid levels in the blood and urine, which is common and can cause gout or kidney stones *[[nausea]] with or without [[vomiting]], or epigastric discomfort *pruritus (severe itching) and [[skin rash]]es *[[headache]]s *[[vertigo]] *[[fatigue]] and malaise (feeling ill) *[[arthralgia|joint pain]] *increased liver enzymes and instead blood urea nitrogen, increased transaminases, increased alkaline phosphate *[[hypersensitivity]] reactions including [[urticaria]], angioedema and [[anaphylaxis]]<ref name="medicinesorg" /><ref name="imunovir500mg">{{Cite web | url = https://www.drugs.com/uk/imunovir-500mg-tablets-leaflet.html | title = IMUNOVIR 500MG TABLETS|website=Drugs.com|language=en|access-date=2021-02-23}}</ref> Rare side effects include [[diarrhoea]], [[constipation]], increased urine production, nervousness, [[Somnolence|drowsiness]] or [[insomnia]].<ref name="medicinesorg" /> ==Costs and availability== ==See also== *[[Immune system]] *[[Virus]] *[[Chronic pain]] ==Learn more== *[https://www.drugs.com/uk/imunovir-500mg-tablets-leaflet.html Imunovir 500mg - patient information leaflet] *[https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB04335 Inosine] - DrugBank Online ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Potential treatments]] [[Category:Immunomodulators]] [[Category:Immunostimulants]] [[Category:Antivirals]] [[Category:Anti-inflammatories]]
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