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[[Ion transportation]] refers to the transport of [[ion]]s into or out of cells or cell compartments.<ref name="Ashcroftbook" /> ==Function== Ion transportation plays key roles in the functioning of many different [[:Category:Body systems|bodily systems]], including the [[nervous system]], the [[endocrine system]], [[Portal:Energy metabolism|energy metabolism]] and the [[cardiovascular system]]. Important ions, sometimes called [[electrolyte]]s, include [[calcium]], [[potassium]], [[sodium]], [[chlorine]], and [[magnesium]].<ref name="Ashcroftbook">{{Cite book | url = https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LaE-PSQJRwgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=channelopathy&hl=en&sa=X#v=onepage&q=channelopathy&f=true | title = Ion Channels and Disease | last = Ashcroft | first = Frances M. | date = 1999-10-20|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=9780080535210|language=en}}</ref> Cell membranes are normally impermeable to ions. [[Ion channel]]s, ion pumps, and ion transporters are cell membrane proteins that allow and control ion transport into and out of cells, or between different compartments within cells.<ref name="Ashcroftbook" /> ==Ion channel diseases== Ion [[Channelopathy|channel diseases]] are caused by mutations in ion channel [[:Category:Genes|genes]].<ref name="Ashcroftbook" /> Evidence of ion transportation dysfunction has been found in ME/CFS.<ref name="ICC2011primer" /> Ion transportation dysfunction can result in an incorrect balance of different ions, which in extreme cases may cause death. ==Sources == Ions are introduced to the body from food, drinks (including trace amounts in water), and can also be taken as [[:Category:Supplements|supplements]]. Supplements can be injected or taken by mouth. ==ME/CFS== [[Klaus Wirth]] and [[Carmen Scheibenbogen]] hypothesize that high intracellular sodium levels may be the primary cause of the dysfunction in MECFS. This hypothesis states that high intracellular sodium caused by infection or [[exercise intolerance|exertion]] triggers calcium channels to reverse. This creates a positive feedback loop where even small amounts of exertion can cause severe intracellular ion imbalance (PEM). In particular, intracellular calcium is essential to [[mitochondria]]l function, causing the energy dysfunction seen in ME/CFS. This hypothesis also predicts low intracellular potassium following exertion in ME/CFS patients, causing a form of [[hypokalemic periodic paralysis]] seen in [[severe and very severe ME|severe patients]]. An Australian research team led by [[Sonya Marshall-Gradisnik]] found that both [[ME/CFS]] and [[Long COVID]] patients had ion channel receptor dysfunction that affected the flow of [[calcium]] into and out of cells.<ref name="Cabanas2021"/> ==Symptom Recognition== Symptoms resulting from ion transportation problems are part of the [[International Consensus Criteria]].<ref name="ICC2011primer">{{citation | last = Carruthers | first1 = BM | authorlink1 = Bruce Carruthers | last2 = van de Sande | first2 = MI | authorlink2 = Marjorie van de Sande | last3 = De Meirleir | first3 = KL | authorlink3 = Kenny de Meirleir | last4 = Klimas | first4 = NG | authorlink4 = Nancy Klimas | last5 = Broderick | first5 = G | authorlink5 = Gordon Broderick | last6 = Mitchell | first6 = T | authorlink6 = Terry Mitchell | last7 = Staines | first7 = D | authorlink7 = Donald Staines | last8 = Powles | first8 = ACP | authorlink8 = A C Peter Powles | last9 = Speight | first9 = N | authorlink9 = Nigel Speight | last10 = Vallings | first10 = R | authorlink10 = Rosamund Vallings | last11 = Bateman | first11 = L | authorlink11 = Lucinda Bateman | last12 = Bell | first12 = DS | authorlink12 = David Bell | last13 = Carlo-Stella | first13 = N | authorlink13 = Nicoletta Carlo-Stella | last14 = Chia | first14 = J | authorlink14 = John Chia | last15 = Darragh | first15 = A | authorlink15 = Austin Darragh | last16 = Gerken | first16 = A | authorlink16 = Anne Gerken | last17 = Jo | first17 = D | authorlink17 = Daehyun Jo | last18 = Lewis | first18 = DP | authorlink18 = Donald Lewis | last19 = Light | first19 = AR | authorlink19 = Alan Light | last20 = Light | first20 = KC | authorlink20 = Kathleen Light | last21 = Marshall-Gradisnik | first21 = S | authorlink21 = Sonya Marshall-Gradisnik | last22 = McLaren-Howard | first22 = J | authorlink22 = John McLaren-Howard | last23 = Mena | first23 = I | authorlink23 = Ismael Mena | last24 = Miwa | first24 = K | authorlink24 = Kunihisa Miwa | last25 = Murovska | first25 = M | authorlink25= Modra Murovska | last26 = Stevens | first26 = SR | authorlink26 = Staci Stevens| title = Myalgic encephalomyelitis: Adult & Paediatric: International Consensus Primer for Medical Practitioners | date = 2012| isbn = 978-0-9739335-3-6 | url = http://www.investinme.org/Documents/Guidelines/Myalgic%20Encephalomyelitis%20International%20Consensus%20Primer%20-2012-11-26.pdf}}</ref> ==Notable studies== *2021, Potential Therapeutic Benefit of Low Dose Naltrexone in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Role of Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 3 Ion Channels in Pathophysiology and Treatment<ref name="Cabanas2021">{{Cite journal | title = Potential Therapeutic Benefit of Low Dose Naltrexone in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Role of Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 3 Ion Channels in Pathophysiology and Treatment | date = 2021 | url=https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.687806|journal=Frontiers in Immunology|volume=12|issue= | pages = 687806 | last = Cabanas | first = Helene | authorlink = Hélène Cabanas | last2 = Muraki | first2 = Katsuhiko | authorlink2 = | last3 = Eaton-Fitch | first3 = Natalie | authorlink3 = Natalie Eaton-Fitch | last4 = Staines | first4 = Donald Ross | authorlink4 = Donald Staines | last5 = Marshall-Gradisnik | first5 = Sonya | authorlink5 = Sonya Marshall-Gradisnik|doi=10.3389/fimmu.2021.687806|pmc=PMC8313851|pmid=34326841|access-date=|issn=1664-3224|quote=|via=}}</ref> - [https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.687806/full (Full text)] == Possible Causes == == Potential Treatments == [[Electrolyte]]s are one of the suggestions for treating [[:Category:Energy production or transportation symptoms|energy metabolism and ion iransportation problems]] in general. == See also == * [[Channelopathy]] * [[Transient receptor potential melastatin 3]] (TRPM3) * [[Hypokalemic periodic paralysis]] * [[Electrolyte]]s == Learn more == * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3935107/ Channelopathies (review)] - Kim June-Bum * [https://medcraveonline.com/EMIJ/EMIJ-06-00189.php Periodic Paralysis - What clinicians should know] ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Body systems]] [[Category:Biochemistry and cell biology]] [[Category:Energy system]] [[Category:Channelopathy]]
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