Anonymous
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Search
Editing
Lipopolysaccharides
From MEpedia, a crowd-sourced encyclopedia of ME and CFS science and history
Namespaces
Page
Discussion
More
More
Page actions
Read
Edit
Edit source
History
Warning:
You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you
log in
or
create an account
, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.
Anti-spam check. Do
not
fill this in!
'''Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)''' also known as '''lipoglycans''' and '''endotoxins''' are large molecules found on the [[outer membrane]] of [[gram-negative]] [[bacteria]]. They provoke a strong innate immune response. LPS is an exogenous [[pyrogen]]. One study found higher levels of serum [[Immunoglobulin A|IgA]] and [[Immunoglobulin M|IgM]] against LPS in [[chronic fatigue syndrome]] patients, indicating bacterial [[translocation]] from the intestine into the bloodstream. <ref>{{Cite journal | title = Increased serum IgA and IgM against LPS of enterobacteria in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS): Indication for the involvement of gram-negative enterobacteria in the etiology of CFS and for the presence of an increased gut–intestinal permeability | date = 2007-04-01|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165032706003557|journal=Journal of Affective Disorders|volume=99|issue=1|pages=237–240 | last = Maes | first = Michael | last2 = Mihaylova | first2 = Ivana | last3 = Leunis | first3 = Jean-Claude|language=en|doi=10.1016/j.jad.2006.08.021|issn=0165-0327}}</ref>. Serum IgA was significantly correlated to the severity of illness. A study of 128 [[ME/CFS]] patients found significantly increased [[IgA]] response to [[lipopolysaccharide]]s (LPS) from the cell walls of commensal bacteria. Increased IgA response was associated with increased serum [[interleukin 1|IL-1]], [[TNFα]], [[neopterin]] and [[elastase]]. The study concluded that increased translocation of commensal bacteria may be responsible for the disease activity in some ME/CFS patients.<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21967891 Increased IgA responses to the LPS of commensal bacteria is associated with inflammation and activation of cell-mediated immunity in chronic fatigue syndrome], Maes M1, Twisk FN, Kubera M, Ringel K, Leunis JC, Geffard M., J Affect Disord. 2012 Feb;136(3):909-17. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2011.09.010. Epub 2011 Oct 2.</ref> A study of 48 ME/CFS patients and 39 controls in 2016 found elevated levels of LPS in patients.<ref>{{Cite journal | title = Reduced diversity and altered composition of the gut microbiome in individuals with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome | date = 2016-06-23|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4918027/|journal=Microbiome|volume=4 | pages = 30 | last = Giloteaux | first = Ludovic | last2 = Goodrich | first2 = Julia K. | last3 = Walters | first3 = William A. | last4 = Levine | first4 = Susan M. | last5 = Ley | first5 = Ruth E. | last6 = Hanson | first6 = Maureen R.|doi=10.1186/s40168-016-0171-4|pmc=4918027|pmid=27338587|issn=2049-2618}}</ref> Some LPS molecules have been implicated in autoimmune disease including [[multiple sclerosis]]<ref>{{Cite journal | title = Molecular mimicry as an inducing trigger for CNS autoimmune demyelinating disease | date = Jan 2012|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22168423/|journal=Immunological Reviews|volume=245|issue=1|pages=227–238 | last = Chastain | first = Emily M.L. | last2 = Miller | first2 = Stephen D. |doi=10.1111/j.1600-065X.2011.01076.x|pmc=3586283|pmid=22168423|issn=1600-065X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | title = Molecular mimicry of host structures by bacterial lipopolysaccharides and its contribution to disease | date = 1996-12-01|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8988391/|journal=FEMS immunology and medical microbiology|volume=16|issue=2|pages=105–115 | last = Moran | first = A.P. | last2 = Prendergast | first2 = M.M. | last3 = Appelmelk | first3 = B.J. | doi=10.1111/j.1574-695X.1996.tb00127.x|pmid=8988391|issn=0928-8244}}</ref> and [[Guillain-Barré syndrome]]<ref>{{Cite journal | title = Molecular mimicry of host structures by bacterial lipopolysaccharides and its contribution to disease | date = 1996-12-01|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8988391/|journal=FEMS immunology and medical microbiology|volume=16|issue=2|pages=105–115 | last = Moran | first = A.P. | last2 = Prendergast | first2 = M.M. | last3 = Appelmelk | first3 = B.J. | doi=10.1111/j.1574-695X.1996.tb00127.x|pmid=8988391|issn=0928-8244}}</ref>. A study in 2000 found that direct electrical [[Vagus nerve stimulation|stimulation of the vagus nerve]] in rats decreased the inflammatory response to LPS.<ref>{{Cite journal | title = Vagus nerve stimulation attenuates the systemic inflammatory response to endotoxin | date = May 2000|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/35013070|journal=Nature|volume=405|issue=6785 | pages = 458–462 | last = Borovikova | first = Lyudmila V. | last2 = Ivanova | first2 = Svetlana | last3 = Zhang | first3 = Minghuang | last4 = Yang | first4 = Huan | last5 = Botchkina | first5 = Galina I. | last6 = Watkins | first6 = Linda R. | last7 = Wang | first7 = Haichao | last8 = Abumrad | first8 = Naji | last9 = Eaton | first9 = John W. | last10 = Tracey | first10 = Kevin J.|language=en|doi=10.1038/35013070|issn=1476-4687}}</ref> ==See also== *[[Leaky gut]] ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Immunology]] [[Category:Gram-negative bacteria]] [[Category:Glycolipids]]
Summary:
Please make sure your edits are consistent with
MEpedia's guidelines
.
By saving changes, you agree to the
Terms of use
, and you irrevocably agree to release your contribution under the
CC BY-SA 3.0 License
and the
GFDL
. You agree that a hyperlink or URL is sufficient attribution under the Creative Commons license.
Cancel
Editing help
(opens in new window)
Templates used on this page:
Template:Cite journal
(
edit
)
Template:Main other
(
edit
)
Template:Reflist
(
edit
)
Module:Check for unknown parameters
(
edit
)
Module:Citation/CS1
(
edit
)
Module:Citation/CS1/COinS
(
edit
)
Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration
(
edit
)
Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation
(
edit
)
Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers
(
edit
)
Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities
(
edit
)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist
(
edit
)
Module:No globals
(
edit
)
Navigation
Navigation
Skip to content
Main page
Browse
Become an editor
Random page
Popular pages
Abbreviations
Glossary
About MEpedia
Links for editors
Contents
Guidelines
Recent changes
Pages in need
Search
Help
Wiki tools
Wiki tools
Special pages
Page tools
Page tools
User page tools
More
What links here
Related changes
Page information
Page logs