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List of enterovirus infection studies
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== Dr John Chia's ME/CFS enterovirus research == [[John Chia]] in California: his research papers on enterovirus in ME/CFS from 2005 to present. {| class="wikitable" style="background: white;" ! scope="col" style="width: 1em;" | ! scope="col" style="width: 25%;" | Study Title ! scope="col" style="width: 4em;" | Date ! scope="col" style="width: auto" | Details |- |'''<big class="green">+</big>''' |'''The role of enterovirus in chronic fatigue syndrome''' Chia J <ref name="pmid16254097">{{cite journal | author=Chia | title=The role of enterovirus in chronic fatigue syndrome. | journal=J Clin Pathol | year= 2005 | volume= 58 | issue= 11 | pages = 1126-32 | pmid=16254097 | doi=10.1136/jcp.2004.020255 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16254097 | first = JK | date = |via= | author-link = John Chia}}</ref> |2005 |A review paper summarizing experimental and clinical evidence supporting the role of enterovirus in chronic fatigue syndrome. This paper also details some experimental antiviral treatments of ME/CFS. The first experiment used ribavirin plus interferon alpha therapy, resulting in improvements in symptoms, the elimination of enteroviral RNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), and a fourfold reduction in coxsackievirus B antibody titers. However, after therapy was complete, relapse typically occurred 4 to 5 months later, along with antibody titers increasing to pretreatment values and the enteroviral RNA returning to the PBMC. In another experiment, interferon alpha plus interferon delta were used in combination to treat severe bedbound ME/CFS patients: 6 out of 11 treated patients were able to return to full or part-time work as a result, but again relapse occurred some month later. Another study also found interferon alpha therapy improves only enterovirus-associated ME/CFS.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Brook|first = M.G. | last2 = Bannister | first2 = B.A. | last3 = Weir | first3 = W.R. | date = Sep 1993 | title = Interferon-alpha therapy for patients with chronic fatigue syndrome|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8354926|journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases|volume=168|issue=3 | pages = 791–792|issn=0022-1899|pmid=8354926}}</ref> '''SIGNIFICANCE''': although interferon therapy is usually not a long-term solution to ME/CFS, its temporary major efficacy provides supporting evidence for the theory that enterovirus can cause and maintain the ME/CFS condition. For further info on interferon for ME/CFS, see: [[interferon]]. |- |'''<big class="green">+</big>''' |'''Chronic fatigue syndrome is associated with chronic enterovirus infection of the stomach''' Chia JK, Chia AY <ref name="pmid17872383">{{cite journal | author=Chia JK, Chia AY| title=Chronic fatigue syndrome is associated with chronic enterovirus infection of the stomach. | journal=J Clin Pathol | year= 2008 | volume= 61 | issue= 1 | pages = 43-8 | pmid=17872383 | doi=10.1136/jcp.2007.050054 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17872383 }}</ref> |2008 |This study of 165 ME/CFS patients found enterovirus VP1 protein in 82% of stomach tissue samples from patients, compared to 20% in healthy controls. 37% of the ME/CFS patient stomach tissue samples also tested positive for enterovirus RNA, compared to less than 1% for healthy controls. The persistent presence of enteroviral VP1 and RNA in the tissues is a signature of [[non-cytolytic enterovirus]] infection. '''SIGNIFICANCE''': This was the first US study to replicate the original British research. It also introduced a significant innovation: previous British studies had used muscle tissue biopsies in order to test for enterovirus infections in ME/CFS. But muscle biopsies are painful and leave a scar, and so are not ideal for routine clinical use. Dr John Chia realized that in ME/CFS, enterovirus also usually infects stomach tissues, and that stomach tissue biopsies are painless and easier to perform. Testing the stomach tissues is thus a very useful proxy for less accessible tissues such as the muscle and of course the brain. |- |'''<big class="green">+</big>''' |'''Acute enterovirus infection followed by myalgic encephalomyelitis/<wbr>chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) and viral persistence''' Chia J, Chia A, Voeller M, Lee T, Chang R <ref name="pmid19828908">{{cite journal | author=| title=Acute enterovirus infection followed by myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) and viral persistence. | journal=J Clin Pathol | year= 2010 | volume= 63 | issue= 2 | pages = 165-8 | pmid=19828908 | doi=10.1136/jcp.2009.070466 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19828908 | first = | date = |via=|vauthors=Chia J, Chia A, Voeller M, Lee T, Chang R}}</ref> |2010 |This study followed patients who were hospitalized for acute enterovirus infections, and found that in the next few years subsequent to the acute infections, symptoms consistent with ME/CFS emerged in 3 patients. |- |'''<big class="green">+</big>''' |'''Functional Dyspepsia and Chronic Gastritis Associated with Enteroviruses''' Chia JK, Chia AY, Wang D, El-Habbal R <ref>{{Cite journal | last = Chia | first = John K. | last2 = Chia | first2 = Andrew Y. | last3 = Wang | first3 = David | last4 = El-Habbal | first4 = Rabiha | date = 2015-04-09 | title = Functional Dyspepsia and Chronic Gastritis Associated with Enteroviruses|url=http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=55465&#abstract|journal=Open Journal of Gastroenterology|language=en|volume=05|issue=04|pages=21|doi=10.4236/ojgas.2015.54005}}</ref> |2015 |In this study of 416 ME/CFS patients with functional dyspepsia (FD), and 66 patients with functional dyspepsia but without ME/CFS, who underwent stomach tissue biopsies between 2006 and 2012, enterovirus VP1 protein was found in stomach tissue samples of 82% of the ME/CFS + FD patients, and 83% of the FD only patients. Enterovirus double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) was found in in the stomach tissues of 64% and 63% of these two patient cohorts respectively. '''SIGNIFICANCE''': This larger study confirms the result of Dr John Chia's previous 2008 study. This study also extended the earlier results by finding enteroviral dsRNA in the stomach tissues of ME/CFS patients, which is a characteristic feature of persistent [[non-cytolytic enterovirus]] infection. |- |'''<big class="green">+</big>''' |'''Chronic enterovirus infection in a patient with myalgic encephalomyelitis/<wbr>chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) – clinical, virologic and pathological analysis''' John Chia, David Wang, Andrew Chia, Rabiha El-Habbal <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://forums.phoenixrising.me/index.php?threads/are-infections-just-a-trigger-of-me-cfs-or-an-ongoing-cause-of-me-cfs.37549/page-25#post-632251 | title = Chronic enterovirus infection in a patient with myalgic encephalomyelitis / chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) – clinical, virologic and pathological analysis. John Chia, David Wang, Andrew Chia, Rabiha El-Habbal. 2015. Presented at the 19th International Picornavirus Meeting, 2016. | date = |access-date= | website = | last = | first = |archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=}}</ref> |2015 |[[File:Brain Small Chia Brain Autopsy.jpg|right|frameless|170x170px]]This brain autopsy on a deceased ME/CFS patient found evidence of enterovirus infection in various areas of the brain: the pontomedullary junction and midbrain (both are in the brainstem), medial temporal lobe, lateral frontal cortex, occipital lobe and cerebellum (these various infected brains areas shown in red in the image). See [[post-mortem brain studies]] for more details about this study. |}
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