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Mast cell
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== Activating factors == ===Infection=== Past findings have suggested that mast cell activation due to a viral infection may play a part in initiating autoimmune disease. [[Coxsackievirus]] infection has been observed to up-regulate [[toll-like receptor]] 4 (TLR4) on mast cells in mice, immediately following the period of infection.<ref name="Fairweather">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15386590 | title = Viruses as adjuvants for autoimmunity: evidence from Coxsackievirus-induced myocarditis | last = Fairweather | first = D. | date = 2005 | journal=Rev Med Virol|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref> TLR4 up-regulation may have negative consequences on the immune system because TLR4 up-regulation may activate the [[innate immune system]] and the inflammatory response system. === Sex hormones === === Physical stress === Mast cells are distributed throughout the nervous system, including in the dura, and are known to degranulate when nervous tissue is stretched.<ref name="Skaper2014">{{Cite journal | last = Skaper | first = Stephen D. | last2 = Facci | first2 = Laura | last3 = Giusti | first3 = Pietro | date = Mar 2014 | title = Mast cells, glia and neuroinflammation: partners in crime?|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24032675|journal=Immunology|volume=141|issue=3 | pages = 314β327|doi=10.1111/imm.12170|issn=1365-2567|pmc=3930370|pmid=24032675|quote=|access-date=|via=}}</ref><ref name="Hu2014">{{Cite journal | last = Hu|first = Kenneth K. | last2 = Bruce | first2 = Marc A. | last3 = Butte | first3 = Manish J. | date = 2014-05-01 | title = Spatiotemporally and mechanically controlled triggering of mast cells using atomic force microscopy|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s12026-014-8510-7|journal=Immunologic Research|language=en|volume=58|issue=2|pages=211β217|doi=10.1007/s12026-014-8510-7|issn=1559-0755|pmc = 4154250|pmid=24777418}}</ref> They also activate in response to vibration.{{Citation needed|reason=}}
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