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Mast cell activation syndrome
(section)
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=== Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors === In 2015, a large German study found 29% of [[ME/CFS]] patients had elevated autoantibodies to M3 and M4 [[muscarinic acetylcholine receptor]]s, as well as ß2 [[adrenergic receptor]]s.<ref name="Cromolyn2016">{{Cite journal | last = Loebel|first = Madlen | last2 = Grabowski | first2 = Patricia | last3 = Heidecke | first3 = Harald | last4 = Bauer | first4 = Sandra | last5 = Hanitsch | first5 = Leif G. | last6 = Wittke | first6 = Kirsten | last7 = Meisel | first7 = Christian | last8 = Reinke | first8 = Petra | last9 = Volk | first9 = Hans-Dieter | date = Feb 2016 | title = Antibodies to β adrenergic and muscarinic cholinergic receptors in patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26399744|journal=Brain, Behavior, and Immunity|volume=52 | pages = 32–39|doi=10.1016/j.bbi.2015.09.013|issn=1090-2139|pmid=26399744}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.meaction.net/2015/09/26/antibodies-found-in-subset-of-cfs-patients/ | title = Autoantibodies found in subset of CFS patients|website = [[The MEAction Network]]|language=en-US|access-date=2018-08-10}}</ref> A 2016 Australian study found that ME/CFS patients had significantly greater numbers of [[single nucleotide polymorphism]]s associated with the gene encoding for M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.<ref name="Marshall2015">{{Cite journal | last = Marshall-Gradisnik|first = Sonya | last2 = Smith | first2 = Peter | last3 = Nilius | first3 = Bernd | last4 = Staines | first4 = Donald R. | date = 2015-01-01 | title = Examination of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Acetylcholine Receptors in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Patients|url=https://doi.org/10.4137/III.S25105|journal=Immunology and Immunogenetics Insights|language=en|volume=7|pages=III.S25105|doi=10.4137/III.S25105|issn=1178-6345}}</ref> One study found that [[acetylcholine]] via muscarinic receptors strongly inhibited the release of [[histamine]] in [[mucosal]] mast cells.<ref>{{Cite journal | title = Acetylcholine via Muscarinic Receptors Inhibits Histamine Release from Human Isolated Bronchi|url=http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/ajrccm.156.2.96-12079#.V7vo-ZMrLMV|journal =American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine|language=en|doi=10.1164/ajrccm.156.2.96-12079#.v7vo-zmrlmv}}</ref> [[Mestinon]], an [[acetylcholinesterase]] inhibitor, and [[Vagus nerve stimulator|vagus nerve stimulators]] can increase the amount of acetylcholine circulating in the peripheral nervous system.
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