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Mitochondrion
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===<span id="dysfunction">ME/CFS</span>=== There is increasing evidence of '''mitochondrial dysfunction''' in [[myalgic encephalomyelitis]]/[[chronic fatigue syndrome]] patients.<ref name="Sweetman2020" /> [[Muscle biopsy|Muscle biopsies]] have shown evidence of mitochondrial degeneration,<ref name="Behan1991" /> deletions of mitochondrial DNA,<ref name="Vecchiet1996" /><ref name="ZhangC1995" /> the reduction of mitochondrial activity,<ref name="Vecchiet1996" /> and [[Sarah Myhill]] found measurable mitochondrial dysfunction correlating with severity of illness.<ref name="Booth2012" /><ref name="Myhill2009" /> Myhill also produced improvement by targeting those dysfunctions.<ref name="Myhill2013" /> Mitochondrial DNA variants correlate with symptoms, symptom clusters & symptom severity.<ref name="BillingRoss2016" /> [[File:ME-CFS mitochondrion differences.jpg|alt=Complex diagram of labeling proteins found to be different in ME/CFS |thumb|'''Differences in protein expression in ME/CFS including proteins related to mitochondria'''<br />Green arrows show increases and red arrows show decreases.<ref name="Sweetman2020" /><br />Source: [https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-020-02533-3 Journal of Translational Medicine 18(1):365] Sweetman et al. 2020. doi: 10.1186/s12967-020-02533-3. PMC7512220.]] A small study by Sweetman et al. (2020) found a large number of proteins were over or under expressed in ME/CFS patients compared to controls, with many of those proteins known to be involved in mitochondrial function, [[oxidative phosphorylation]], [[ion transportation|electron transport]] chain complexes, and redox regulation. The study supported the model of deficient ATP production in ME/CFS, and also suggesting increased oxidative stress.<ref name="Sweetman2020" /> [[Mitochondrial disorder]]s can be mistaken for chronic fatigue syndrome.<ref name="Galán2015" /> There is evidence of genetic risk factors for mitochondrial dysfunction in related diseases such as complex regional pain syndrome, [[postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome]] (POTS), and [[dysautonomia]].<ref name="Boles2015" /> A small study of 20 ME/CFS patients meeting the [[Canadian Consensus Criteria]] found that re-activation of [[Human herpesvirus 6|Human Herpesvirus-6]] caused mitochondria dysfunction and reduced the ATP content of cells.<ref name="Schreiner2020" />
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