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Neuroinflammation
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==Notable studies== *2010, Chronic fatigue syndrome: Harvey and Wessely's (bio)psychosocial model versus a bio(psychosocial) model based on inflammatory and oxidative and nitrosative stress pathways<ref name="Twisk, 2010">{{Cite journal | last1 = Twisk | first1 = Frank | authorlink = Frank Twisk | last2 = Maes | first2 = Michael | authorlink2 = Michael Maes | title = Chronic fatigue syndrome: Harvey and Wessely's (bio)psychosocial model versus a bio(psychosocial) model based on inflammatory and oxidative and nitrosative stress pathways|journal=BMC Medicine|volume=8|issue=35 | page = | date = 2010 | url= https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2901228/pdf/1741-7015-8-35.pdf}}</ref> - [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2901228/pdf/1741-7015-8-35.pdf (Full text)] *2011, Increased IgA responses to the LPS of commensal bacteria is associated with inflammation and activation of cell-mediated immunity in chronic fatigue syndrome<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Maes | first = Michael | authorlink = Michael Maes | last2 = Twisk | first2 = Frank N.M. | authorlink2=Frank Twisk | last3 = Kubera | first3 = Marta | authorlink3 = | last4 = Ringel | first4 = Karl | authorlink4 = | last5 = Leunis | first5 = Jean-Claude | authorlink5 = | last6 = Geffard | first6 = Michel | authorlink6 = | date = Feb 2012 | title = Increased IgA responses to the LPS of commensal bacteria is associated with inflammation and activation of cell-mediated immunity in chronic fatigue syndrome|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0165032711005362|journal=Journal of Affective Disorders|language=en|volume=136|issue=3 | pages = 909–917|doi=10.1016/j.jad.2011.09.010|quote=|via=}}</ref> - [[pubmed:21967891|(Abstract)]] *2010, Autopsies of four deceased ME patients showed various pathological phenomena in the CNS and [[peripheral nervous system]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.meassociation.org.uk/2011/01/pathology-of-mecfs-pilot-study-of-four-autopsy-reports/ | title = Pathology of ME/CFS: pilot study of four autopsy reports | last = | first = | date = Jan 2011 | website = [[The ME Association]]|language=en-US|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2018-08-10}}</ref> *2014, [[Brains of People With Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Offer Clues About Disorder]]. NY Times Well article by [[David Tuller]] on the [[brain scans]] of [[ME/CFS]] patient's researched by [[Stanford ME/CFS Initiative]].<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/11/24/brains-of-people-with-chronic-fatigue-syndrome-offer-clues-about-disorder/?_r=0 | title = Brains of People With Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Offer Clues About Disorder | last = Tuller | first = David | date = Nov 24, 2014|work=Well|access-date=2018-08-10|archive-url=|archive-date=|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last = Zeineh | first = Michael M. | last2 = Kang | first2 = James | last3 = Atlas | first3 = Scott W. | last4 = Raman | first4 = Mira M. | last5 = Reiss | first5 = Allan L. | last6 = Norris | first6 = Jane L. | last7 = Valencia | first7 = Ian | last8 = Montoya | first8 = Jose G. | date = 2015 | title=Right Arcuate Fasciculus Abnormality in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome|url=https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/abs/10.1148/radiol.14141079|journal=Radiology|language=en|volume=274|issue=2 | pages = 517–526|doi=10.1148/radiol.14141079|issn=0033-8419|via=|quote= | author-link = Michael Zeineh | authorlink2 = | authorlink3 = | authorlink4 = | authorlink5 = | authorlink6 = Jane Norris | authorlink7 = Ian Valencia | authorlink8 = Jose Montoya}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2014/10/study-finds-brain-abnormalities-in-chronic-fatigue-patients.html | title = Study finds brain abnormalities in chronic fatigue patients | last = | first = | date = Oct 28, 2014 | website = News Center|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2018-09-22}}</ref> * 2014, A Japanese PET study looked at neuroinflammation in 9 patients with ME/CFS and 10 controls. They measured a protein expressed by activated [[microglia]], and found that values in the cingulate cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus, midbrain, and pons were 45%–199% higher in ME/CFS patients than in healthy controls. The values in the amygdala, thalamus, and midbrain positively correlated with cognitive impairment score, the values in the cingulate cortex and thalamus positively correlated with pain score, and the value in the hippocampus positively correlated with depression score.<ref name="Nakatomi2014">{{citation | last1 = Nakatomi | first1 = Yasuhito | authorlink1 = | last2 = Mizuno | first2 = Kei | authorlink2 = | last3 = Ishii | first3 = Akira | authorlink3 = | last4 = Wada | first4 = Yasuhiro | authorlink4 = | last5 = Tanaka | first5 = Masaaki | authorlink5 = | last6 = Tazawa | first6 = Shusaku | authorlink6 = | last7 =Onoe | first7 = Kayo | authorlink7 = | last8 =Fukuda | first8 = Sanae | authorlink8 = | last9 = Kawabe | first9 = Joji | authorlink9 = | last10 = Takahashi | first10 = Kazuhiro | authorlink10 = | last11 = Kataoka | first11 = Yosky | authorlink11 = | last12 = Shiomi | first12 = Susumu | authorlink12 = | last13 = Yamaguti | first13 = Kouzi | authorlink13 = | last14 = Inaba | first14 = Masaaki | authorlink14 = | last15 = Kuratsune | first15 = Hirohiko | authorlink15 = | last16 = Watanabe | first16 = Yasuyoshi | authorlink16 = Yasuyoshi Watanabe | display-authors = 3 | title = Neuroinflammation in Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis: An ¹¹C-(R)-PK11195 PET Study | journal = Journal of Nuclear Medicine | volume = 55|issue =6 | page = 945-50 | date = 2014-03-24 | pmid = 24665088 | doi = 10.2967/jnumed.113.131045 | url = http://jnm.snmjournals.org/content/55/6/945.long }}</ref><ref name="Tuller20141124NYT">{{citation | last1 = Tuller | first1 = David | authorlink1 = David Tuller | title = Brains of People With Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Offer Clues About Disorder | journal = NY Times | date = 2014-11-24 | url = http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/11/24/brains-of-people-with-chronic-fatigue-syndrome-offer-clues-about-disorder/?_r=0 }}</ref> *2016, [https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16549 Schizophrenia risk from complex variation of complement component 4]<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Sekar | first = Aswin | last2 = Bialas | first2 = Allison R. | last3 = de Rivera | first3 = Heather | last4 = Davis | first4 = Avery | last5 = Hammond | first5 = Timothy R. | last6 = Kamitaki | first6 = Nolan | last7 = Tooley | first7 = Katherine | last8 = Presumey | first8 = Jessy | last9 = Baum | first9 = Matthew | date = 2016-02-11 | title = Schizophrenia risk from complex variation of complement component 4|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26814963|journal=Nature|volume=530|issue=7589|pages=177–183|doi=10.1038/nature16549|issn=1476-4687|pmc=4752392|pmid=26814963}}</ref> * 2016, [https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.100981 Reversal of cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease]<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Bredesen | first = Dale E. | last2 = Amos | first2 = Edwin C. | last3 = Canick | first3 = Jonathan | last4 = Ackerley | first4 = Mary | last5 = Raji | first5 = Cyrus | last6 = Fiala | first6 = Milan | last7 = Ahdidan | first7 = Jamila | date = Jun 2016 | title = Reversal of cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27294343|journal=Aging|volume=8|issue=6|pages=1250–1258|doi=10.18632/aging.100981|issn=1945-4589|pmc=4931830|pmid=27294343}}</ref> * 2017, [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.08.005 Elevated Translocator Protein in Anterior Cingulate in Major Depression and a Role for Inflammation in Suicidal Thinking: A Positron Emission Tomography Study]<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Holmes | first = Sophie E. | last2 = Hinz | first2 = Rainer | last3 = Conen | first3 = Silke | last4 = Gregory | first4 = Catherine J. | last5 = Matthews | first5 = Julian C. | last6 = Anton-Rodriguez | first6 = Jose M. | last7 = Gerhard | first7 = Alexander | last8 = Talbot | first8 = Peter S. | date = 2018-01-01 | title = Elevated Translocator Protein in Anterior Cingulate in Major Depression and a Role for Inflammation in Suicidal Thinking: A Positron Emission Tomography Study|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28939116|journal=Biological Psychiatry|volume=83|issue=1 | pages = 61–69|doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.08.005|issn=1873-2402|pmid=28939116}}</ref> * 2019, [[Evidence of widespread metabolite abnormalities in Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: assessment with whole-brain magnetic resonance spectroscopy (2019) Mueller, et al|Evidence of widespread metabolite abnormalities in Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: assessment with whole-brain magnetic resonance spectroscopy]]<ref name="Mueller2019">{{Cite journal|url=https://link.springer.com/epdf/10.1007/s11682-018-0029-4 | title = Evidence of widespread metabolite abnormalities in Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: assessment with whole-brain magnetic resonance spectroscopy | last = Mueller | first = Christina | authorlink=Christina Mueller | last2 = Lin | first2 = Joanne C | authorlink2 = Joanne Lin | date = 2019 | doi=10.1007/s11682-018-0029-4|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-01-17 | authorlink3 = Sulaiman Sheriff | authorlink4 = Andrew Maudsley | authorlink5 = Jarred Younger | last3 = Sheriff | last4 = Maudsley | last5 = Younger | first3 = Sulaiman | first4 = Andrew A | first5 = Jarred W|volume=14|issue=2 | pages = 562-572|journal=Brain Imaging and Behavior}}</ref> *2019, Brain glial activation in fibromyalgia – A multi-site positron emission tomography investigation<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Albrecht | first = Daniel S. | authorlink = Daniel Albrecht | last2 = Forsberg | first2 = Anton | authorlink2 = | last3 = Sandström | first3 = Angelica | authorlink3 = | last4 = Bergan | first4 = Courtney | author-link4 = | last5 = Kadetoff | first5 = Diana | authorlink5 = | last6 = Protsenko | first6 = Ekaterina | authorlink6 = | last7 = Lampa | first7 = Jon | last8 = Lee | first8 = Yvonne C. | last9 = Höglund | first9 = Caroline Olgart|display-authors=8 | date = 2019-01-01 | title = Brain glial activation in fibromyalgia – A multi-site positron emission tomography investigation | url =http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889159118302423|journal=Brain, Behavior, and Immunity|language=en|volume=75|issue= | pages = 72–83|doi=10.1016/j.bbi.2018.09.018|issn=0889-1591|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|quote=|via= | last10 = Catana | first10 = Ciprian | first11 = Simon | last11 = Cervenka | last12 = Akeju | first12 = Oluwaseun | last13 = Lekander | first13 = Mats | last14 = Cohen | first14 = George | last15 = Halldin | first15 = Christer | last16 = Taylor | first16 = Norman | last17 = Minhae | first17 = Kim | last18 = Hooker | first18 = Jacob M. | last19 = Edwards | first19 = Robert R. | last20 = Napadow | first20 = Vitaly | last21 = Kosek | first21 = Eva | last22 = Loggia | first22 = Marco L.}}</ref> - [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889159118302423 (Full text)] *2020, In-vivo imaging of neuroinflammation in veterans with Gulf War illness<ref name="Loggia2020">{{Cite journal | last = Alshelh | first = Zeynab | authorlink = | last2 = Albrecht | first2 = Daniel S. | authorlink2= | last3 = Bergan | first3 = Courtney | authorlink3 = | last4 = Akeju | first4 = Oluwaseun | authorlink4 = | last5 = Clauw | first5 = Daniel J. | authorlink5 = Daniel Clauw | last6 = Conboy | first6 = Lisa | authorlink6 = | last7 = Edwards | first7 = Robert R. | last8 = Kim | first8 = Minhae | last9 = Lee | first9 = Yvonne C.|display-authors=8 | date = 2020-02-04 | title = In-vivo imaging of neuroinflammation in veterans with Gulf War illness|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889159119313340|journal=Brain, Behavior, and Immunity|language=en|volume=87|issue= | pages = 498-507|doi=10.1016/j.bbi.2020.01.020|issn=0889-1591|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|quote=|via= | last10 = Protsenko | first10 = Ekaterina | last11 = Napadow | first11 = Vitaly | last12 = Sullivan | first12 = Kimberly | authorlink12 = Kimberly Sullivan | author-link13 = Marco Loggia | last13 = Loggia | first13 = Marco F.}}</ref> - [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889159119313340 (Full text)]
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