Anonymous
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Search
Editing
Non-cytolytic enterovirus
(section)
From MEpedia, a crowd-sourced encyclopedia of ME and CFS science and history
Namespaces
Page
Discussion
More
More
Page actions
Read
Edit
Edit source
History
Warning:
You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you
log in
or
create an account
, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.
Anti-spam check. Do
not
fill this in!
== Non-cytolytic enterovirus is resistant to immune elimination == Non-cytolytic enterovirus can cause chronic long-lasting infections, as its mutated RNA is not readily cleared by the immune system.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Ro7UlhSD-w&t=13m46s | title = How Does a Lytic Enterovirus Persist and Cause Chronic Disease? Enterovirus Session, International Symposium on Viruses in CFS & Post-viral Fatigue, Maryland, US, June 2008. Timecode: 13:46. | last=Chapman | first = Nora | date = 2008 | website = YouTube | archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=}}</ref> The reason why this infection can evade the immune response is not clear.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Lévêque | first = Nicolas | last2 = Garcia | first2 = Magali | last3 = Bouin | first3 = Alexis | last4 = Nguyen | first4 = Joseph H.C. | last5 = Tran | first5 = Genevieve P. | last6 = Andreoletti | first6 = Laurent | last7 = Semler | first7 = Bert L. | date = 2017-08-15 | title = Functional Consequences of RNA 5'-Terminal Deletions on Coxsackievirus B3 RNA Replication and Ribonucleoprotein Complex Formation | url =https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28539455/|journal=Journal of Virology|volume=91|issue=16|pages=|doi=10.1128/JVI.00423-17|issn=1098-5514|pmc=5533909|pmid=28539455|quote=However, the molecular mechanisms by which the virus can persist in the heart from acute myocarditis to DCM are poorly understood, limiting the development of new specific therapeutic strategies.|via=}}</ref> One theory is that the double-stranded viral RNA (dsRNA) component of this infection confers resistance to immune eradication. The immune enzyme [[Ribonuclease L|RNase L]], released inside the cell as part of the type 1 interferon response to viral infection, is able to destroy (cleave) ssRNA, but dsRNA is resistant to destruction by this enzyme.<ref name="Chia2005posneg">{{Cite journal | last = Chia | first = J.K.S. | date = Nov 2005 | title = The role of enterovirus in chronic fatigue syndrome|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16254097/|journal=Journal of Clinical Pathology|volume=58|issue=11|pages=1126–1132|doi=10.1136/jcp.2004.020255|issn=0021-9746|pmc=1770761|pmid=16254097|quote=However, enough positive and negative strands probably recombine to form stable double stranded RNAs, which are resistant to RNAse L inactivation, and the life cycle will start again when the pressure of the immune response decreases.|via=}}</ref><ref name="Tam1999">{{Cite journal | last = Tam | first = P. E. | last2 = Messner | first2 = R.P. | date = Dec 1999 | title = Molecular mechanisms of coxsackievirus persistence in chronic inflammatory myopathy: viral RNA persists through formation of a double-stranded complex without associated genomic mutations or evolution | url =https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10559326/|journal=Journal of Virology|volume=73|issue=12|pages=10113–10121|issn=0022-538X|pmid=10559326|quote=Since single-stranded intracellular viral RNAs decay within hours, this double-stranded form may lend stability to and protect the RNA from degradation, thereby promoting long-term persistence.|via=}}</ref> Dr John Chia likens dsRNA to a seed, which is hardy and allows the non-cytolytic infection to survive through periods of immune attack. Afterwards when the pressure of the immune response abates, he thinks it is probable that the dsRNA can dissociate back into ssRNA and recommence replication. In this way, the dsRNA may constantly reseed the non-cytolytic infection. Dr Chia points out that self-replicating strands of RNA or DNA are well studied, and are known as replicons.<ref name="Chia2005-RNA">{{Cite journal | last = Chia | first = J.K.S. | date = Nov 2005 | title = The role of enterovirus in chronic fatigue syndrome|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16254097/|journal=Journal of Clinical Pathology|volume=58|issue=11|pages=1126–1132|doi=10.1136/jcp.2004.020255|issn=0021-9746|pmc=1770761|pmid=16254097|quote=It is probable that viral RNA found inside cells, in a stable double stranded form, can dissociate and replicate using viral RNA replicase|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WAZ4HiSC_sM&t=42m36s | title = Enterovirus Infection in ME/CFS. Presentation at the Invest in ME International ME Conference, London 2010 (available on DVD). Timecode: 42:36. | last=Chia | first = John | date = 2010 | website = YouTube | archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date= | authorlink = }}</ref> Another theory suggested by Lévêque et al<ref name="Leveque2017b" /> is that the deletions found in the non-cytolytic enterovirus genome might facilitate immune evasion: alphaviruses are known to utilize such deletions within their genome to evade the type 1 interferon-induced immune response, and non-cytolytic enterovirus has deletions in exactly the same area of the genome as alphavirus. The deletions in the alphavirus genome prevent interferon-induced [[IFIT_protein|Ifit1]] immune proteins from binding to and disabling alphavirus RNA.<ref name="Hyde2014">{{Cite journal | last = Hyde | first = Jennifer L. | last2 = Gardner | first2 = Christina L. | last3 = Kimura | first3 = Taishi | last4 = White | first4 = James P. | last5 = Liu | first5 = Gai | last6 = Trobaugh | first6 = Derek W. | last7 = Huang | first7 = Cheng | last8 = Tonelli | first8 = Marco | last9 = Paessler | first9 = Slobodan | date = 2014-02-14 | title = A viral RNA structural element alters host recognition of non-self RNA|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4209899/|journal=Science (New York, N.Y.)|volume=343|issue=6172 | pages = 783–787|doi=10.1126/science.1248465|issn=0036-8075|pmc=4209899|pmid=24482115}}</ref> If the genomic mutations of non-cytolytic enterovirus also confer the same immune resistance, that may help explain how this non-cytolytic virus evades immune clearance.
Summary:
Please make sure your edits are consistent with
MEpedia's guidelines
.
By saving changes, you agree to the
Terms of use
, and you irrevocably agree to release your contribution under the
CC BY-SA 3.0 License
and the
GFDL
. You agree that a hyperlink or URL is sufficient attribution under the Creative Commons license.
Cancel
Editing help
(opens in new window)
Navigation
Navigation
Skip to content
Main page
Browse
Become an editor
Random page
Popular pages
Abbreviations
Glossary
About MEpedia
Links for editors
Contents
Guidelines
Recent changes
Pages in need
Search
Help
Wiki tools
Wiki tools
Special pages
Page tools
Page tools
User page tools
More
What links here
Related changes
Page information
Page logs