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==Studies == *[[#epidemiology|Epidemiology]] *[[#immunological|Immunological]] *[[#metabolic|Metabolic]] *[[#neurological|Neurological]] *[[#treatment|Treatment]] *[[#psychological|Psychological]] {| class="wikitable sortable" ! General category ! Year ! Study title & Author(s) ! Notes ! Cohort size ! Blinded (double, single, not) <!-- ! Peer-reviewed ! Randomized ! Placebo-controlled ! Subjects ! Study summary --> |- | style="background-color: Gold;color:black;text-shadow:none; font-weight: bold;" | <span id="epidemiology" style="Gold;color:black;text-shadow:none">Epidemiological</span>|| 2015 || [[Institute of Medicine report]] Beyond Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Redefining an Illness<br >[[Ellen Wright Clayton]] (Chair), [[Margarita Alegría]], [[Lucinda Bateman]], [[Lily Chu]], [[Charles Cleeland]], [[Ronald Davis]], [[Betty Diamond]], [[Theodore Ganiats]], [[Betsy Keller]], [[Nancy Klimas]], [[A Martin Lerner]], [[Cynthia Mulrow]], [[Benjamin Natelson]], [[Peter Rowe]], [[Michael Shelanski]] || || || |- | style="background-color: Gold;color:black;text-shadow:none; font-weight: bold;" | Epidemiological || 2015 || [[Pathways to prevention report]]<br >Green CR, Cowan P, Elk R, O'Neil KM, Rasmussen AL || || || |- | style="background-color: Gold;color:black;text-shadow:none; font-weight: bold;" | Epidemiological || 2014 || [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25274261 Two age peaks in the incidence of chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis: a population-based registry study from Norway 2008–2012]<br >Bakken IJ, Tveito K, Gunnes N, Ghaderi S, Stoltenberg C, Trogstad L, Håberg SE, Magnus P || || || |- | style="background-color: Gold;color:black;text-shadow:none; font-weight: bold;" | Epidemiological || 2013 || [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23576883 The prevalence of chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis: a meta-analysis]<br >[[Samantha Johnston|Johnston S]], [[Ekua Brenu|Brenu EW]], [[Donald Staines|Staines D]], [[Sonya Marshall-Gradisnik|Marshall-Gradisnik SM]] || || || |- | style="background-color: Gold;color:black;text-shadow:none; font-weight: bold;" | Epidemiological || 2011 || [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3170215/ Prevalence of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) in three regions of England: a repeated cross-sectional study in primary care]<br >[[Luis Nacul]], [[Eliana Lacerda]], [[Derek Pheby]], Peter Campion, Mariam Molokhia, Shagufta Fayyaz, Jose CDC Leite, Fiona Poland, Amanda Howe, Maria L Drachler || || || |- | style="background-color: Gold;color:black;text-shadow:none; font-weight: bold;" | Epidemiological || 2007 || [http://www.aihw.gov.au/publication-detail/?id=6442467990 The burden of disease and injury in Australia 2003]<br >[[Stephen Begg|Begg S]], [[Theo Vos|Vos T]], Barker B, Stevenson C, Stanley L, Lopez A || || || |- | style="background-color: Gold;color:black;text-shadow:none; font-weight: bold;" | Epidemiological || 2006 || [http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/193/5/664.full Prolonged Illness after infectious mononucleosis is associated with altered immunity but not with increased viral load]<br >Cameron B, Bharadwaj M, Burrows J, Fazou C, [[Denis Wakefield|Wakefield D]], [[Ian Hickie|Hickie I]], Ffrench R, Khanna R and [[Andrew Lloyd |Lloyd A]] || See also [http://phoenixrising.me/research-2/the-dubbo-studies-a-model-of-post-infective-fatigue-emerging/model-of-post-infective-fatigue-forming-the-dubbo-studies Model of Post Infective Fatigue Forming: the Dubbo Studies] || || |- | style="background-color: Gold;color:black;text-shadow:none; font-weight: bold;" | Epidemiological || 2006 || [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16448567 Preliminary evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction associated with post-infective fatigue after acute infection with Epstein Barr virus]<br >[[Suzanne Vernon | Vernon S]], Whistler T, Cameron B, [[Ian Hickie|Hickie I]], Reeves WC and [[Andrew Lloyd |Lloyd A]] || See also [http://phoenixrising.me/research-2/the-dubbo-studies-a-model-of-post-infective-fatigue-emerging/model-of-post-infective-fatigue-forming-the-dubbo-studies Model of Post Infective Fatigue Forming: the Dubbo Studies] || || |- | style="background-color: Gold;color:black;text-shadow:none; font-weight: bold;" | Epidemiological || 2006 || [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16950834 Post-infective and chronic fatigue syndromes precipitated by viral and non-viral pathogens: prospective cohort study]<br >[[Ian Hickie|Hickie I]], [[Tracey Davenport|Davenport T]], [[Denis Wakefield|Wakefield D]], [[Uté Vollmer-Conna|Vollmer-Conna U]], Cameron B, [[Suzanne Vernon|Vernon SD]], Reeves WC, [[Andrew Lloyd|Lloyd A]] || || || |- | style="background-color: Gold;color:black;text-shadow:none; font-weight: bold;" | Epidemiological || 2005 || [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15699087 A systematic review describing the prognosis of chronic fatigue syndrome]<br >[[Ruth Cairns]], [[Matthew Hotopf]] || || || |- | style="background-color: Gold;color:black;text-shadow:none; font-weight: bold;" | Epidemiological || 1996 || [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8873490 Health status in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome and in general population and disease comparison groups]<br >[[Anthony Komaroff|Komaroff AL]], Fagioli LR, Doolittle TH, Gandek B, Gleit MA, Guerriero RT, Kornish RJ 2nd, Ware NC, Ware JE Jr, Bates DW || || || |- | style="background-color: plum;color:black;text-shadow:none; font-weight: bold;" |<span id="immunological" style="color:black;text-shadow:none;">Immunological</span> || 2019 || [[A nanoelectronics-blood-based diagnostic biomarker for myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS)]]<br>[[Rahim Esfandyarpour]], [[Alex Kashi]], [[Mohsen Nemat-Gorgani]], [[Julie Wilhelmy]], and [[Ronald Davis|Ron W. Davis]] | || || 19 || |- | style="background-color: plum;color:black;text-shadow:none; font-weight: bold;" | Immunological || 2015 || [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/26615570/ Reductions in circulating levels of IL-16, IL-7 and VEGF-A in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome]<br >[[Amir Landi|Landi A]], Broadhurst D, [[Suzanne Vernon|Vernon SD]], Tyrrell DL, [[Michael Houghton|Houghton M]] || || || |- | style="background-color: plum;color:black;text-shadow:none; font-weight: bold;" | Immunological || 2015 || [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=26079000 Distinct plasma immune signatures in ME/CFS are present early in the course of illness]<br >[[Mady Hornig|Hornig M]], [[Jose Montoya|Montoya JG]], [[Nancy Klimas|Klimas NG]], [[Susan Levine|Levine S]], [[Donna Felsenstein|Felsenstein D]], [[Lucinda Bateman|Bateman L]], [[Daniel Peterson|Peterson DL]], [[Gunnar Gottschalk|Gottschalk CG]], Schultz AF, Che X, Eddy ML, [[Anthony Komaroff|Komaroff AL]], [[Ian Lipkin|Lipkin WI]] || || || |- | style="background-color: plum;color:black;text-shadow:none; font-weight: bold;" | Immunological || 2014 || [http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0085387 Deficient EBV-specific B-and T-cell response in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome]<br >[[Madlen Loebel]], Kristin Strohschein, Carolin Giannini, Uwe Koelsch, Sandra Bauer, Cornelia Doebis, Sybill Thomas, Nadine Unterwalder, Volker von Baehr, Petra Reinke, Michael Knops, Leif G. Hanitsch, Christian Meisel, Hans-Dieter Volk, [[Carmen Scheibenbogen]] || || || |- | style="background-color: plum;color:black;text-shadow:none; font-weight: bold;" | Immunological || 2012 || [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3464733/ Longitudinal investigation of natural killer cells and cytokines in chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis]<br >[[Ekua Brenu]], Mieke L van Driel, [[Donald Staines]], Kevin J Ashton, [[Sharni Hardcastle|Sharni L Hardcastle]], James Keane, Lotti Tajouri, [[Daniel Peterson]], [[Sandra Ramos|Sandra B Ramos]], [[Sonya Marshall-Gradisnik]] || || || |- | style="background-color: plum;color:black;text-shadow:none; font-weight: bold;" | Immunological || 2011 || [http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0026358 Benefit from B-lymphocyte depletion using the anti-CD20 antibody rituximab in chronic fatigue syndrome. A double-blind and placebo-controlled study]<br >[[Øystein Fluge]] , [[Ove Bruland]], [[Kristin Risa]], [[Anette Storstein]], Einar K. Kristoffersen, Dipak Sapkota, Halvor Næss, [[Olav Dahl]], [[Harald Nyland]], [[Olav Mella]] || || || |- | style="background-color: plum;color:black;text-shadow:none; font-weight: bold;" | Immunological || 2010 || [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20520837 Biomarkers in chronic fatigue syndrome: evaluation of natural killer cell function and dipeptidyl peptidase IV/CD26]<br >[[Mary Ann Fletcher|Fletcher MA]], Zeng XR, Maher K || || || |- | style="background-color: plum;color:black;text-shadow:none; font-weight: bold;" | Immunological || 2008 || [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18775774 Neuroendocrine and immune network remodeling in chronic fatigue syndrome: an exploratory analysis]<br >Fuite J, [[Suzanne Vernon]], [[Gordon Broderick]] || || || |- | style="background-color: plum;color:black;text-shadow:none; font-weight: bold;" | Immunological || 2008 || [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18937577 Cytokine Polymorphisms Have a Synergistic Effect on Severity of the Acute Sickness Response to Infection]<br >[[Uté Vollmer-Conna |Vollmer-Conna U]], Piraino B, Cameron B || || || |- | style="background-color: plum;color:black;text-shadow:none; font-weight: bold;" | Immunological || 2007 || [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17712757 Postinfective fatigue syndrome is not associated with altered cytokine production]<br >[[Uté Vollmer-Conna |Vollmer-Conna U]], Cameron B, Pavlovic D || || || |- | style="background-color: plum;color:black;text-shadow:none; font-weight: bold;" | Immunological || 2006 || [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16762155 A first study of cytokine genomic polymorphisms in CFS: positive association of TNF‐857 and IFNgamma 874 rare alleles]<br >Carlo‐Stella N, Badulli C, De S || || || |- | style="background-color: plum;color:black;text-shadow:none; font-weight: bold;" | Immunological || 2005 || [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16049290 Association of chronic fatigue syndrome with human leucocyte antigen class II alleles]<br >Smith J, Fritz EL, [[Jonathan Kerr]] || || || |- | style="background-color: orange;color:black;text-shadow:none; font-weight: bold;" | <span id="metabolic" style="color:black;text-shadow:none;">Metabolic</span> || 2016 || [http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2016/08/24/1607571113.full Metabolic features of chronic fatigue syndrome]<br >[[Ronald Davis]] (Editor), [[Robert Naviaux]], Jane C. Naviaux, Kefeng Li, A. Taylor Bright, William A. Alaynick, Lin Wang, Asha Baxter, Neil Nathan, Wayne Anderson, [[Eric Gordon]] || Metabolomics showed that chronic fatigue syndrome is a highly concerted hypometabolic response to environmental stress that traces to [[Mitochondrion|mitochondria]] and was similar to the classically studied developmental state of [[dauer]]. || || |- | style="background-color: orange;color:black;text-shadow:none; font-weight: bold;" | Metabolic || 2014 || [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24755065 Inability of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome patients to reproduce VO2peak indicates functional impairment]<br >[[Betsy Keller]], [[John Pryor]], [[Ludovic Giloteaux]] || || || |- | style="background-color: orange;color:black;text-shadow:none; font-weight: bold;" | Metabolic || 2012 || [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22210239 Differences in metabolite-detecting, adrenergic, and immune gene expression after moderate exercise in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome, patients with multiple sclerosis, and healthy controls]<br >AT White, [[Alan Light]], RW Hughen, TA Vanhaitsma, [[Kathleen Light]] || || || |- | style="background-color: orange;color:black;text-shadow:none; font-weight: bold;" | Metabolic || 2009 || [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19647494 Moderate exercise increases expression for sensory, adrenergic, and immune genes in chronic fatigue syndrome patients but not in normal subjects]<br >[[Alan Light]], AT White, RW Hughen, [[Kathleen Light]] || || || |- | style="background-color: gray;color:white;text-shadow:none; font-weight: bold;" | <span id="neurological" style="color:white;text-shadow:none;>Neurological</span> || 2016 || [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27123773 Progressive brain changes in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome: A longitudinal MRI study.]<br >[[Zack Shan|Shan ZY]], [[Richard Kwiatek|Kwiatek R]], [[Richard Burnet|Burnet R]], [[Peter Del Fante|Del Fante P]], [[Donald Staines|Staines DR]], [[Sonya Marshall-Gradisnik|Marshall-Gradisnik SM]], [[Leighton Barnden|Barnden LR]] || || || |- | style="background-color: gray;color:white;text-shadow:none; font-weight: bold;" | Neurological || 2015 || [https://sciforschenonline.org/journals/clinical-research/CLROA-2-110.php Phase relationships are only measurable by the qEEG, giving us a unique window into the ME disease process]<br >[[Marcie Zinn]], [[Mark Zinn]], [[Leonard Jason]] || See also [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4108033/ Phase Reset of the Default Mode Network.] || || |- | style="background-color: gray;color:white;text-shadow:none;font-weight: bold;" | Neurological || 2015 || [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26411464 There is poor agreement among researchers and clinicians about case definitions. Key domains are discussed.]<br >[[Leonard Jason]], [[Marcie Zinn]], [[Mark Zinn]] || See also [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/21641846.2015.1041336 Lack of Agreement in Case Definitions hampers research.] || || |- | style="background-color: gray;color:white;text-shadow:none;font-weight: bold;" | Neurological || 2015 || [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=25353054 Right arcuate fasciculus abnormality in chronic fatigue syndrome]<br >[[Michael Zeineh]], Kang J, Atlas SW, Raman MM, Reiss AL, [[Jane Norris]], Valencia I, [[Jose Montoya]] || || || |- | style="background-color: gray;color:white;text-shadow:none;font-weight: bold;" | Neurological || 2007 || [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17617647 Symptoms of autonomic dysfunction in chronic fatigue syndrome]<br >[[Julia Newton]], O Okonkwo, K Sutcliffe, Seth A, Shin J, Jones DE || || || |- | style="background-color: tomato;color:black;text-shadow:none; font-weight: bold;" | <span id="treatment" style="color:black;">Treatment</span> || 2015 || [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/26399744/ Antibodies to β adrenergic and muscarinic cholinergic receptors in patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome]<br >[[Øystein Fluge]], [[Olav Mella]], [[Madlen Loebel]], [[Patricia Grabowski]], Heidecke H, Bauer S, Hanitsch LG, Wittke K, Meisel C, Reinke P, Volk HD, [[Carmen Scheibenbogen]] || || || |- | style="background-color: tomato;color:black;text-shadow:none; font-weight: bold;" | Treatment || 2015 || [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/26132314/ B-Lymphocyte Depletion in Myalgic Encephalopathy/ Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. An Open-Label Phase II Study with Rituximab Maintenance Treatment]<br >[[Øystein Fluge]], [[Olav Mella]], Risa K, Lunde S, Alme K, Rekeland IG, Sapkota D, Kristoffersen EK, Sørland K, Bruland O, Dahl O || || || |- | style="background-color: tomato;color:black;text-shadow:none;; font-weight: bold;" | Treatment || 2013 || [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/23480187/ Altered functional B cell subset populations in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome compared to healthy controls]<br >[[Amolak Bansal]], AS Bradley, B Ford || || || |- | style="background-color: tomato;color:black;text-shadow:none; font-weight: bold;" | Treatment || 2013 || [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2891387/ Fibromyalgia Symptoms Are Reduced by Low-Dose Naltrexone: A Pilot Study]<br >[[Jarred Younger]], Sean Mackey || || || |- | style="background-color: tomato;color:black;text-shadow:none; font-weight: bold;" | Treatment || 2012 || [http://www.cdd.com.au/pdf/publications/All%20Publications/2013%20-%20The%20GI%20microbiome%20and%20its%20role%20in%20CFS%20-%20ACNEM%20paper.pdf/ The GI Microbiome and its Role in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Summary of Bacteriotherapy]<br >[[Thomas J. Borody|Thomas Borody]], [[Anna Nowak]], [[Sarah Finalayson]]|| || || |- | style="background-color: tomato;color:black;text-shadow:none; font-weight: bold;" | Treatment || 2011 || [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/22039471/ Benefit from B-lymphocyte depletion using the anti-CD20 antibody rituximab in chronic fatigue syndrome. A double-blind and placebo-controlled study]<br >[[Øystein Fluge]], [[Olav Mella]], Bruland O, Risa K, Storstein A, Kristoffersen EK, Sapkota D, Næss H, Dahl O, Nyland H || || || |- | style="background-color: tomato;color:black;text-shadow:none; font-weight: bold;" | Treatment || 2010 || [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23359310 Low-dose naltrexone for the treatment of fibromyalgia: findings of a small, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, counterbalanced, crossover trial assessing daily pain levels]<br >[[Jarred Younger]], Noor N, McCue R, Mackey S || || || |- | style="background-color: tomato;color:black;text-shadow:none; font-weight: bold;" | Treatment || 2009 || [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/19566965/ Clinical impact of B-cell depletion with the anti-CD20 antibody rituximab in chronic fatigue syndrome: a preliminary case series]<br >[[Øystein Fluge]], [[Olav Mella]] || || || |- | style="background-color: tomato;color:black;text-shadow:none; font-weight: bold;" | Treatment || 2008 || [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Michael_Maes2/publication/23709068_Normalization_of_leaky_gut_in_chronic_fatigue_syndrome_CFS_is_accompanied_by_a_clinical_improvement_Effects_of_age_duration_of_illness_and_the_translocation_of_LPS_from_gram-negative_bacteria/links/55c0913f08ae092e9666c31b.pdf/ Normalization of leaky gut in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) is accompanied by a clinical improvement]<br >[[Michael Maes]], [[Jean-Claude Leunis]] || || || |- | style="background-color: lightgreen; color:black;text-shadow:none; font-weight: bold;" | <span id="psychological" style="color:black;text-shadow:none;">Psychological</span> || 2011 || The [[PACE trial]]<br >[[Peter White]], [[Kimberly Goldsmith|Kimberly A Goldsmith]], AL Johnson, [[Laura Potts|L Potts]], [[Rebecca Walwyn]], [[Julia DeCesare|Julia C DeCesare]], Hannah L Baber, Mary Burgess, Lucy V Clark, Diane L Cox, [[Jessica Bavinton]], BJ Angus, [[Gabrielle Murphy]], [[Maurice Murphy]], [[Hazel O'Dowd]], [[David Wilks]], P McCrone, [[Trudie Chalder]], [[Michael Sharpe]] || || || |- | style="background-color: lightgreen; color:black;text-shadow:none; font-weight: bold;" | Psychological || 2005 || [http://simonwessely.com/Downloads/Publications/CFS/176.pdf The Placebo Response in the Treatment of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis]<br >[[Hyong Jin Cho]], [[Matthew Hotopf]], [[Simon Wessely]] || Found that the placebo response was actually lower in CFS patients || || |- | style="background-color: lightgreen; color:black;text-shadow:none;font-weight: bold;" | Psychological || 2014 || [[Exercise therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome (2002)|Exercise therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome]]<br >[[Cochrane|Cochrane review]]: Lillebeth Larun, Kjetil G. Brurberg, Jan Odgaard-Jensen, [[Jonathan Price|Jonathan R Price]]|| || || |}
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