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Periodic paralysis
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[[File:Muscle Channelopathies.png|alt=Diagram of muscle channelopathies showing hypokalemic periodic paralysis on a spectrum of channelopathy diseases.|thumb|Periodic paralyses are types of muscle channelopathies.<br>Image: K June-Bum, 2014<ref name="June-Bum" /> CC-BY-NC-3.0]] '''Periodic paralysis''' is a temporary paralysis of part of the body, with reoccurring episodes that last from minutes to hours.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Dissanayake | first = HA | last2 = Padmaperuma | first2 = PACD| date = 2018-07-18 | title = Periodic paralysis: what clinician needs to know?|url=https://medcraveonline.com/EMIJ/EMIJ-06-00189.php|journal=Endocrinology & Metabolism International Journal|volume=6|issue=4|doi=10.15406/emij.2018.06.0018|issn=2473-0815}}</ref> There are different types of periodic paralysis, and it can be ''genetic (inherited)'' or ''acquired''. Periodic paralysis conditions are types of muscle [[channelopathy|channelopathies]], also known as [[myopathy|myopathies]].<ref name="June-Bum">{{Cite journal | last = Kim | first = June-Bum | authorlink = | date = Jan 2014 | title = Channelopathies|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3935107/|journal=Korean Journal of Pediatrics|volume=57|issue=1|pages=1β18|doi=10.3345/kjp.2014.57.1.1|issn=1738-1061|pmc=3935107|pmid=24578711|quote=|via=}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mda.org/sites/default/files/publications/Facts_Myopathies_P-208.pdf | title = Myopathies: Facts | last = Muscular Dystrophy Association | first = | authorlink = | date = |website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2018-11-29}}</ref> ==Types of periodic paralysis== Different types of periodic paralysis include: * [[Hypokalemic periodic paralysis]] (HyperKPP) ::Caused by low [[potassium]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name="ppi" /> * [[Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis]] (HypoKPP) ::Caused by high [[potassium]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name="ppi" /> * [[Normokalemic periodic paralysis]] (NormoKPP) ::Considered a variant of hyperkaleimic periodic paralysis, patients grow weaker when potassium levels rise.<ref name="ppi" /> * [[Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis|Thyrotoxic Periodic Paralysis]] ::Linked to [[thyroid hormone]] levels.<ref name="ppi" /> * [[Andersen-Tawil syndrome]] ::Caused by an inherited defect in a [[potassium channel]], which affects both the [[heart]] and [[skeletal muscle]]s. Patients with Andersen-Tawil Syndrome can experience [[heart rhythm disturbances]] even when their blood [[potassium]] is normal.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="ppi" /> * [[Potassium]] aggraved [[Myotonia|myotonias]] :: <ref name="ppi" /> * [[Paramyotonia congenita von Eulenberg|Paramyotonia Congenita von Eulenberg]] (PMC) ::Paramyotonia Congenita <ref name="ppi">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hkpp.org/what-is-periodic-paralysis | title = What is Periodic Paralysis? | last = Periodic Paralysis International | first = | authorlink = Periodic Paralysis International| date = |website=hkpp.org|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2019-01-18}}</ref> ==Periodic paralysis in ME/CFS == Some people with [[ME/CFS]] develop acquired periodic paralysis; the episodes of limb [[paralysis]] occur because of the [[ion transportation]] symptoms found in some people with ME/CFS.<ref name="canadianconsensus">{{Citation | last1 = Carruthers | first1 = Bruce M. | authorlink1 = Bruce Carruthers | last2 = Jain | first2 = Anil Kumar | authorlink2 = Anil Kumar Jain | last3 = De Meirleir | first3 = Kenny L. | authorlink3 = Kenny De Meirleir | last4 = Peterson | first4 = Daniel L. | authorlink4 = Daniel Peterson | last5 = Klimas | first5 = Nancy G. | authorlink5 = Nancy Klimas | last6 = Lerner | first6 = A. Martin | authorlink6 = Martin Lerner | last7 =Bested | first7 = Alison C. | authorlink7 = Alison Bested | last8 =Flor-Henry | first8 = Pierre | authorlink8 = Pierre Flor-Henry | last9 = Joshi | first9 = Pradip| authorlink9 = Pradip Joshi | last10 = Powles | first10 = AC Peter | authorlink10 = A C Peter Powles | last11 = Sherkey | first11 = Jeffrey A. | authorlink11 = Jeffrey Sherkey | last12 = van de Sande | first12 = Marjorie I. | authorlink12 = Marjorie van de Sande | title = Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Clinical Working Case Definition, Diagnostic and Treatment Protocols | journal = Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | volume = 11 | issue = 2 | pages = 7-115 | date = 2003 | pmid = | doi = 10.1300/J092v11n01_02 | url = http://www.investinme.org/Documents/PDFdocuments/CanadianDefinitionME-CFS.pdf }}</ref><ref name="ICP2011primer">{{citation | last1 = Carruthers | first1 = BM | authorlink1 = Bruce Carruthers | last2 = van de Sande | first2 = MI | authorlink2 = Marjorie van de Sande | last3 = De Meirleir | first3 = KL | authorlink3 = Kenny de Meirleir | last4 = Klimas | first4 = NG | authorlink4 = Nancy Klimas | last5 = Broderick | first5 = G | authorlink5 = Gordon Broderick | last6 = Mitchell | first6 = T | authorlink6 = Terry Mitchell | last7 = Staines | first7 = D | authorlink7 = Donald Staines | last8 = Powles | first8 = ACP | authorlink8 = A C Peter Powles | last9 = Speight | first9 = N | authorlink9 = Nigel Speight | last10 = Vallings | first10 = R | authorlink10 = Rosamund Vallings | last11 = Bateman | first11 = L | authorlink11 = Lucinda Bateman | last12 = Bell | first12 = DS | authorlink12 = David Bell | last13 = Carlo-Stella | first13 = N | authorlink13 = Nicoletta Carlo-Stella | last14 = Chia | first14 = J | authorlink14 = John Chia | last15 = Darragh | first15 = A | authorlink15 = Austin Darragh | last16 = Gerken | first16 = A | authorlink16 = Anne Gerken | last17 = Jo | first17 = D | authorlink17 = Daehyun Jo | last18 = Lewis | first18 = DP | authorlink18 = Donald Lewis | last19 = Light | first19 = AR | authorlink19 = Alan Light | last20 = Light | first20 = KC | authorlink20 = Kathleen Light | last21 = Marshall-Gradisnik | first21 = S | authorlink21 = Sonya Marshall-Gradisnik | last22 = McLaren-Howard | first22 = J | authorlink22 = John McLaren-Howard | last23 = Mena | first23 = I | authorlink23 = Ismael Mena | last24 = Miwa | first24 = K | authorlink24 = Kunihisa Miwa | last25 = Murovska | first25 = M | authorlink25= Modra Murovska | last26 = Stevens | first26 = SR | authorlink26 = Staci Stevens | title = Myalgic encephalomyelitis: Adult & Paediatric: International Consensus Primer for Medical Practitioners | date = 2012 | isbn = 978-0-9739335-3-6 | url = http://www.investinme.org/Documents/Guidelines/Myalgic%20Encephalomyelitis%20International%20Consensus%20Primer%20-2012-11-26.pdf }}</ref> Paralysis is not recognized in the International Consensus Primer, but the ion transport and [[channelopathy]] impairments that cause it are mentioned in the pathophysiology section, and the response to [[exercise]] section.<ref name="ICP2011primer" /> ==See also== * [[Hypokalemic periodic paralysis|Hypokalemic periodic paralysis]] * [[Channelopathy]] * [[Channelopathy hypothesis]] * [[Electrolytes]] * [[Ion transportation]] * [[Paralysis]] * [[Potassium]] * [[Severe and very severe ME]] ==Learn more == * [http://www.hkpp.org/what-is-periodic-paralysis What is periodic paralysis?] - Periodic Paralysis International * [https://medcraveonline.com/EMIJ/EMIJ-06-00189.php Periodic paralysis - what clinician needs to know?] * [https://www.musculardystrophyuk.org/conditions/periodic-paralyses - Periodic paralysis] - Muscular Dystrophy UK ==References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Diagnoses]] [[Category:Signs and symptoms]] [[Category:Musculoskeletal diseases and disorders]] [[Category:Channelopathy]]
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