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Progesterone
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=== Autonomic Nervous System === Progesterone has been shown to bind to receptors in the brainstems of rats that modulate pain as well as those that regulate the autonomic nervous system (ANS), the part of the NS that controls unconscious processes like heart rate, breathing, and digestion.<ref name="Kastrup1999" /> Research has also shown increased autonomic cardiac function in human females during the ovulation phase, when progesterone begins to rise rapidly.<ref name="Little1974">{{Cite journal | last = Little | first = Betsy Carter | last2 = Zahn | first2 = Theodore P. | date = 1974| title = Changes in Mood and Autonomic Functioning During the Menstrual Cycle|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1974.tb01118.x|journal=Psychophysiology|language=en|volume=11|issue=5 | pages = 579β590|doi=10.1111/j.1469-8986.1974.tb01118.x|issn=1469-8986}}</ref> However, it is unknown whether this is a result of progesterone alone or progesterone combined with estrogen. The latter theory is supported by studies that have shown autonomic regulation of cardiac function suffers during the Luteal Phase and that estrogen is likely to play a stronger role in sympathetic cardiac balance than progesterone.<ref name="Fuenmayor2000">{{Cite journal | last = Fuenmayor | first=Abdel J. | last2 = RamΔ±Μrez | first2 = Leonardo | last3 = Fuenmayor | first3 = Abdel M. | date = 2000-02-15| title = Left ventricular function and autonomic nervous system balance during two different stages of the menstrual cycle|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016752739900193X|journal=International Journal of Cardiology|volume=72|issue=3|pages=243β246|doi=10.1016/S0167-5273(99)00193-X|issn=0167-5273}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last = Mercuro | first = Giuseppe | last2 = Zoncu | first2 = Sandra | last3 = Saiu | first3 = Francesca | last4 = Mascia | first4 = Monica | last5 = Melis | first5 = Gian Benedetto | last6 = Rosano | first6 = Giuseppe M.C. | date = 2004-02-20| title = Menopause induced by oophorectomy reveals a role of ovarian estrogen on the maintenance of pressure homeostasis|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14757272|journal=Maturitas|volume=47|issue=2|pages=131β138|issn=0378-5122|pmid=14757272}}</ref>
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