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Regulatory T cell
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'''Regulatory T cells''' (Tregs) are anti-inflammatory. They produce the anti-inflammatory [[Cytokine|cytokines]] [[TGF-β]] and [[interleukin 10|IL-10]]. They suppress effector [[Th1]], [[Th2]], and [[Th17]]. == Dietary and environmental factors == [[Vitamin D]] improves regulatory T cell function in healthy adults<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Bock | first = Gerlies | last2 = Prietl | first2 = Barbara | last3 = Mader | first3 = Julia K. | last4 = Höller | first4 = Evelyne | last5 = Wolf | first5 = Michael | last6 = Pilz | first6 = Stefan | last7 = Graninger | first7 = Winfried B. | last8 = Obermayer-Pietsch | first8 = Barbara M. | last9 = Pieber | first9 = Thomas R. | date = Nov 2011 | title = The effect of vitamin D supplementation on peripheral regulatory T cells and β cell function in healthy humans: a randomized controlled trial|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22069289|journal=Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews|volume=27|issue=8 | pages = 942–945|doi=10.1002/dmrr.1276|issn=1520-7560|pmid=22069289}}</ref> and in patients with relapsing remitting [[multiple sclerosis]] (MS),<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Hupperts | first = Raymond | last2 = Damoiseaux | first2 = Jan | last3 = Tervaert | first3 = Jan Willem Cohen | last4 = Menheere | first4 = Paul | last5 = Peelen | first5 = Evelyn | last6 = Thewissen | first6 = Mariëlle | last7 = Smolders | first7 = Joost | date = 2009-08-13 | title = Vitamin D Status Is Positively Correlated with Regulatory T Cell Function in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis|url=https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0006635|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=4|issue=8| pages = e6635|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0006635|issn=1932-6203|pmc=2721656|pmid=19675671}}</ref> suggesting that it may play a role in both preventing and ameliorating [[autoimmune disease]]. Various species of [[probiotics]] have been shown to increase [[FoxP3]] expression in animal models.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Issazadeh-Navikas | first = Shohreh | last2 = Teimer | first2 = Roman | last3 = Bockermann | first3 = Robert | date = 2011-11-16 | title = Influence of Dietary Components on Regulatory T Cells|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3276397/|journal=Molecular Medicine|volume=18|issue=1 | pages = 95–110|doi=10.2119/molmed.2011.00311|issn=1076-1551|pmc=3276397|pmid=22113499}}</ref> == Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and ME/CFS == An [[Australia|Australian]] group found that Tregs were elevated in thirty individuals with [[Fukuda criteria|Fukuda]] for [[chronic fatigue syndrome]] (CFS).<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Brenu | first = Ekua Weba | last2 = Huth | first2 = Teilah K. | last3 = Hardcastle | first3 = Sharni L. | last4 = Fuller | first4 = Kirsty | last5 = Kaur | first5 = Manprit | last6 = Johnston | first6 = Samantha | last7 = Ramos | first7 = Sandra B. | last8 = Staines | first8 = Don R. | last9 = Marshall-Gradisnik | first9 = Sonya M. | date = Apr 2014 | title = Role of adaptive and innate immune cells in chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24343819|journal=International Immunology|volume=26|issue=4|pages=233–242|doi=10.1093/intimm/dxt068|issn=1460-2377|pmid=24343819}}</ref> The same group found elevated Tregs in a multiple sclerosis comparison study.<ref name="Ramos, 2016" /> However, a study that used the [[Revised Canadian Consensus Criteria]] (2010) criteria found Tregs were depleted in 76 people with [[ME/CFS]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal | last = Rivas | first = Jose Luis | last2 = Palencia | first2 = Teresa | last3 = Fernández | first3 = Guerau | last4 = García | first4 = Milagros| date = 2018-05-09 | title = Association of T and NK Cell Phenotype With the Diagnosis of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS)|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5954087/|journal=Frontiers in Immunology|volume=9|doi=10.3389/fimmu.2018.01028|issn=1664-3224|pmc=5954087|pmid=29867995}}</ref> A second study in Japan also found decreased Tregs in 41 people who met both the [[Canadian Consensus Criteria]] and the [[International Consensus Criteria]] as compared to age- and gender-matched healthy controls.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Yamamura | first=T. | last2 = Sato | first2 = W. | last3 = Ono | first3 = H. | date = 2017-10-15 | title = Dysregulation of T and B cells in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome|url=https://www.jns-journal.com/article/S0022-510X(17)33030-7/abstract|journal=Journal of the Neurological Sciences|language=English|volume=381 | pages = 899–900|doi=10.1016/j.jns.2017.08.2533|issn=0022-510X}}</ref> It is worth noting that such seemingly contradictory results are often found in the systemic autoimmune diseases in which [[T cell]] subsets are often studied. Even in illnesses with well-established [[Diagnostic biomarker|biomarkers]], age, gender, and time since onset lead to significant variability.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Kasper | first=Isaac R. | last2 = Apostolidis | first2 = Sokratis A. | last3 = Sharabi | first3 = Amir | last4 = Tsokos | first4 = George C. | date = Sep 2016 | title = Empowering Regulatory T Cells in Autoimmunity|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5003773/|journal=Trends in molecular medicine|volume=22|issue=9 | pages = 784–797|doi=10.1016/j.molmed.2016.07.003|issn=1471-4914|pmc=5003773|pmid=27461103|quote=|via=}}</ref> ==Notable studies== *2018, [[Association of T and NK Cell Phenotype With the Diagnosis of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS)]] *2017, [https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jns.2017.08.2533 Dysregulation of T and B cells in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome] *2016, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27001659 Regulatory T, natural killer T and γδ T cells in multiple sclerosis and chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis: a comparison.]<ref name="Ramos, 2016" /> == See also == *[[Immune system]] ==References== <references> <ref name="Ramos, 2016">{{Citation | last1 = Ramos | first1 = S | authorlink1 = Sandra Ramos | last2 = Brenu | first2 = E | authorlink2 = Ekua Brenu | last3 = Broadley | first3 = S | authorlink3 = | last4 = Kwiatek | first4 = R | authorlink4 = Richard Kwiatek | last5 = Ng | first5 = J | authorlink5 = | last6 = Nguyen | first6 = T | authorlink6 = | last7 = Freeman | first7 = S | authorlink7 = | last8 = Staines | first8 = D | authorlink8 = Donald Staines | last9 = Marshall-Gradisnik | first9 = S | authorlink9 = Sonya Marshall-Gradisnik | title = Regulatory T, natural killer T and γδ T cells in multiple sclerosis and chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis: a comparison | journal = Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol | volume = 2016 | issue = 34 | page = 300-305 | date = 20 March 2016 | doi = 10.12932/AP0733 | url = http://apjai-journal.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/8RegulatoryTnaturalkillerAPJAIVol34No4December2016P300.pdf }}</ref> </references> [[Category:Body systems]] [[Category:Immune cells]]
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