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Stigma and discrimination
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== Discrimination == [[Charlotte Blease|Blease]] and [[Keith Geraghty|Geraghty]] (2018) found that "medical authorities" used "widespread negative stereotyping of patients" and acted to marginalize and exclude patient voices, which created "epistemic injustice."<ref name=":4" /> For instance, patients who challenged the views or actions of medical authorities were labeled "militant" and "activists", with several mainstream newspapers reporting unfounded accusations that they sent "death threats" to ME/CFS researchers<ref name=":4" /> ===Effects of stigma === Stigma has resulted in patients being treated as * lazy or work shy, resulting in denial of [[Access to benefits|disability benefits]] and rejection from society and family<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://www.meassociation.org.uk/2011/02/countess-of-mars-forward-me-group-minutes-of-meeting-26-january-2011/ | title = Countess of Mar’s ‘Forward ME’ Group – minutes of meeting, 26 January 2011 | last = Forward-ME | first = | authorlink = Forward-ME | date = Feb 2011 | website = [[ME Association]]|language=en-US|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-03-04}}</ref> * hypochondriacs<ref name=":5" /><ref name="GeraghtyEsmail2016" /> * not ill, or only having trivial symptoms,<ref name="obstruction" /> resulting in denying basic medical treatment and tests,<ref name="GeraghtyEsmail2016" /> and denial of funding for medical research * undeserving of medical care<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" /> * mentally ill, resulting in denial of medical care and disability aids, and limited / reduced disability or sickness payments<ref name=":8" /> * dangerous, threatening and mentally unstable<ref name=":4" /> * resistant to treatment, resulting in forced in-patient psychiatric care (including in children) * children with ME/CFS have been put on child protection and "at risk" registers and separated from their parents, who are investigated for child abuse and [[Munchausen syndrome by proxy]]<ref name="colby2014">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tymestrust.org/pdfs/falseallegations.pdf | title = False Allegations of Child Abuse in Cases of Childhood Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME) | last = Colby | first = Jane|authorlink=Jane Colby | date = 2014 | website = [[Tymes Trust]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref><ref name="panorama">{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/events/panorama/506549.stm | title = Panorama {{!}} Sick and Tired | last = BBC news | first=|authorlink=Sick and Tired - BBC | date = Nov 8, 1999 | website = BBC News|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-02-12}}</ref><ref name="colby2014" /><ref name="VanHoof2006">{{Cite journal | last = Van Hoof | first = E. | author-link = E Van Hoof | last2 = De Becker | first2 = P. | authorlink2 = Pascale De Becker | last3 = De Meirleir | first3=K. | authorlink3 = Kenny De Meirleir | authorlink4 = | authorlink5 = | date = Jan 2006 | title = Pediatric Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Munchausen-By-Proxy: A Case Study|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MrcUN2k91IMC&oi=fnd&pg=PA45#v=onepage&q&f=false|journal=Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome|language=en|volume=13|issue=2-3|pages=45–53|doi=10.1300/J092v13n02_02|issn=1057-3321|quote=|via=}}</ref> * children too ill to attend school, or even too ill to eat have been diagnosed with "[[Pervasive School Refusal Syndrome]]" or [[Pervasive Refusal Syndrome]], with their health limitations interpreted as a "behavioral" issue<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.investinme.org/IIME-Newslet-1604-NS999.shtml | title = The Elephant in the Room - The General Medical Council - Dr Nigel Speight | last = Invest in ME Research | first = | authorlink = Invest in ME Research | date = 2006 | website = [[Invest in ME Research]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-02-15|quote=Where there are some doctors who do not believe in ME as a diagnosis or do not accept that children with ME can be so seriously ill that they need tube feeding then flawed diagnoses are introduced such as Pervasive Refusal Syndrome. It is in these cases that Dr Speight’s experience and knowledge have provided enormous help to child patients and their families.}}</ref>
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