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==Childhood trauma / child abuse and ME/CFS== A link between the development of [[chronic fatigue syndrome]] in people with a history of childhood trauma has not been established. A study suggesting a role for childhood trauma in [[ME/CFS]] used the broad [[Fukuda criteria|empirical definition]] of ME/CFS, which resulted in a biased sample with over representation of individuals with [[depression]] and [[post traumatic stress disorder]] (PTSD).<ref name=Heim2009>{{Cite journal | last =Heim | first = Christine | author-link = Christine Heim | last2 = Nater | first2=Urs M. | authorlink2 = Urs Nater | last3=Maloney | first3 = Elizabeth | authorlink3 = Elizabeth M. Maloney | last4 = Boneva | first4=Roumiana | authorlink4 = Roumiana Boneva| last5 = Jones | first5 = James F. | authorlink5 = James Jones | last6 = Reeves | first6 = William C. | authorlink6 = William Reeves | date = 2009-01-01 | title = Childhood Trauma and Risk for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Association With Neuroendocrine Dysfunction|url=http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.508|journal=Archives of General Psychiatry|language=en|volume=66|issue=1 | pages = 72|doi=10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.508|issn=0003-990X|quote=|via=}}</ref> The unusually high proportion of subjects with serious psychiatric problems likely explains the study finding of an association between ME/CFS and adverse childhood experiences.<ref name="IOM2015">{{Citation | last =Institute of Medicine|location=US|url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25695122 | title = Beyond Myalgic Encephalomyelitis / Chronic Fatigue Syndrome - Redefining an Illness]|publisher=National Academies Press | date = Feb 2015}}</ref><br> More recently, Clark et al. (2018) found that the presence of [[depression]] may explain any possible link, and that patients with ME/CFS who did not have depression did not report a higher rate of child abuse or childhood trauma.<ref name="Clark, 2018" /> {{Quote_frame|The ME that we know has no connection to childhood problems or maternal anxiety but an illness that strikes out of the blue in previously healthy persons.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.investinme.org/IIMER-Newslet-17-07-04.shtml | title = Response to NICE 10 year surveillance (2017) – Chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis | last =Invest in ME Research | first = | authorlink = Invest in ME Research | date = July 2017 | website = [[Invest in ME Research]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2019-02-07}}</ref> | author = [[Invest in ME Research]]|source=2017}} No other studies have suggested a higher rate of childhood trauma in those with confirmed ME/CFS as opposed to nonspecific [[chronic fatigue]] (CF). In a study of 22 Norwegian adolescents with ME/CFS, no participant reported prior sexual abuse.<ref name="IOM2015" /><ref name=Gjone2009>{{Cite journal | last =Gjone | first = Helene | authorlink = | last2 = Wyller | first2=Vegard Bruun | authorlink2 = Vegard Bruun Wyller | date = 2009 | title = Chronic fatigue in adolescence—autonomic dysregulation and mental health: an exploratory study|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2009.01323.x|journal=Acta Paediatrica|language=en|volume=98|issue=8|pages=1313–1318|doi=10.1111/j.1651-2227.2009.01323.x|issn=1651-2227}}</ref>
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