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[[File:Vaccine.png|300px|thumb|right|]] A '''vaccine''' is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's [[adaptive immune system|immune system]] to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it, and to further recognize and destroy any of the microorganisms associated with that agent that it may encounter in the future. Vaccines can be prophylactic (example: to prevent or ameliorate the effects of a future infection by a natural or "wild" pathogen), or therapeutic (e.g., vaccines against [[cancer]] are being investigated).<ref name="Melief">{{cite journal |vauthors=Melief C, van Hall T, Arens R, Ossendorp F, van der Burg S | title = Therapeutic cancer vaccines |journal=J Clin Invest |volume=125 |issue=9 |pages=3401–12 | year = 2015 |pmid= |doi=10.1172/JCI80009 |url=https://www.jci.org/articles/view/80009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629033940/http://jci.org/articles/view/80009 |archive-date=2017-06-29}}</ref><ref name="Bol2016">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bol K, etal | title = Prophylactic vaccines are potent activators of monocyte-derived dendritic cells and drive effective anti-tumor responses in melanoma patients at the cost of toxicity |journal=Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=327–39 | year = 2016 |pmid= |doi=10.1007/s00262-016-1796-7 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00262-016-1796-7}}</ref><ref name="Brotherton2015">{{cite journal |vauthors= | title = HPV prophylactic vaccines: lessons learned from 10 years experience |journal=Future Medicine |volume=10 |issue=8 | pages = 999–1009 | year = |pmid= |doi=10.2217/fvl.15.60 |url=http://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/abs/10.2217/fvl.15.60 | last =Brotherton | first=J. | last2 = | first2 = | date = 2015 | pmc=|quote=|access-date=|via=}}</ref><ref name="Frazier">{{cite journal |vauthors= | title = Development and Implementation of Papillomavirus Prophylactic Vaccines |journal=J. Immunol. |volume=192 |issue=9 |pages=4007–11 | year = |pmid= |doi=10.4049/jimmunol.1490012 |url=http://www.jimmunol.org/content/192/9/4007.short |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811190134/http://www.jimmunol.org/content/192/9/4007.short |archive-date=2017-08-11 |df= | last = Frazer | first=I | last2 = | first2 = | date = 2014 | pmc=|quote=|access-date=|via=}}</ref> ==Risk in developing ME/CFS == According to the 2018 version of ''The Clinician’s Vaccine Safety Resource Guide Vaccines'': "Vaccines currently routinely recommended to the general population in the U.S. have not been shown to cause [[fibromyalgia]] or [[chronic fatigue syndrome]] (CFS)."<ref name="Dudley2018" /> A 2015 complete population study of data from 2009 to 2012 in [[Norway]], following the country's mass vaccination during the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) pandemic, found that vaccination produced no increased risk of ME/CFS. By contrast, infection with [[influenza|flu]] more than doubled the risk of developing CME/CFS.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal | last =Magnus | first = Per | last2=Gunnes | first2 = Nina | last3 = Tveito | first3 = Kari | last4 = Bakken | first4=Inger Johanne | last5 = Ghaderi | first5 = Sara | last6 = Stoltenberg | first6 = Camilla | last7 = Hornig | first7 = Mady | last8 = Lipkin | first8 = W. Ian | last9 = Trogstad | first9 = Lill | date = 2015-11-17 | title = Chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) is associated with pandemic influenza infection, but not with an adjuvanted pandemic influenza vaccine|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26475444|journal=Vaccine|volume=33|issue=46|pages=6173–6177|doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.10.018|issn=1873-2518|pmid=26475444}}</ref> A minority of people with [[ME/CFS]] have reported developing it after receiving a vaccination, but a causal relationship has not been shown.<ref name="ICP2011primer" /> In one case, a 43-year-old man with no previous ill health developed CFS after having five vaccinations, all containing aluminium adjuvants, within the same month.<ref name="Exley2009">{{Cite journal | last =Exley | first = Christopher | last2=Swarbrick | first2 = Louise | last3 = Gherardi | first3 = Rhomain K. | last4 = Authier | first4=Francois-Jérôme | date = 2009-02-01 | title = A role for the body burden of aluminium in vaccine-associated macrophagic myofasciitis and chronic fatigue syndrome|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306987708004933|journal=Medical Hypotheses|language=en|volume=72|issue=2|pages=135–139|doi=10.1016/j.mehy.2008.09.040|issn=0306-9877}}</ref> Based on this case, Exley et al. (2009) anticipated that the mass human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination program then recently begun in the UK would carry related risks, as that vaccine also used an aluminium-based adjuvant. That was not borne out: a number of different studies concluded there is no evidence Cervarix,<ref name="Donegan2013">{{Cite journal | first = Katherine | last =Donegan | first2 =Raphaelle | last2 = Beau-Lejdstrom | first3 = Bridget | last3 = King | first4 = Suzie | last4 = Seabroke | first5 = Andrew | last5 = Thomson | first6 = Philip | last6 = Bryan | date = 2013-10-09 | title = Bivalent human papillomavirus vaccine and the risk of fatigue syndromes in girls in the UK|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X13011158|journal=Vaccine|language=en|volume=31|issue=43|pages=4961–4967|doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.08.024|issn=0264-410X}}</ref> or the later Gardasil<ref name="Liu2016">{{Cite journal | last =Liu | first = Xianfang C. | last2 = Bell | first2 = Christopher A. | last3 = Simmonds | first3=Kimberley A. | last4 = Svenson | first4 = Lawrence W. | last5 = Russell | first5 = Margaret L. | date = 2016-04-04 | title = Adverse events following HPV vaccination, Alberta 2006-2014|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26921782/|journal=Vaccine|volume=34|issue=15|pages=1800–1805|doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.02.040|issn=1873-2518|pmid=26921782}}</ref><ref name="PHA-Canada2018">{{Cite web|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/reports-publications/canada-communicable-disease-report-ccdr/monthly-issue/2012-38/canada-communicable-disease-report.html | title = NACI Statement: HPV vaccine update | last =Public Health Agency of Canada | first = | authorlink = | date = 2012-01-18 | website = canada.ca|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2021-09-30}}</ref><ref name="Feiring2018">{{Cite journal | last = Feiring | first = Berit | last2 = Laake | first2 = Ida | last3 = Bakken | first3=Inger Johanne | last4 = Greve-Isdahl | first4 = Margrethe | last5 = Wyller | first5 = Vegard Bruun | authorlink5 = Vegard Bruun Wyller | last6 = Håberg | first6 = Siri E. | last7 = Magnus | first7 = Per | last8 = Trogstad | first8 = Lill | date = 2017-07-24 | title = HPV vaccination and risk of chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis: A nationwide register-based study from Norway|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X17308083|journal=Vaccine|language=en|volume=35|issue=33|pages=4203–4212|doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.06.031|issn=0264-410X}}</ref><ref name="Galan2014">{{Cite journal | last =Rodríguez-Galán | first = M. A. | last2 = Pérez-Vilar | first2 = S. | last3 = Díez-Domingo | first3 = J. | last4 = Tuells | first4=J. | last5 = Gomar-Fayos | first5 = J. | last6 = Morales-Olivas | first6 = F. | last7 = Pastor-Villalba | first7 = E. | date = 2014-11-01 | title = Notificación de reacciones adversas a la vacuna frente al virus del papiloma humano en la Comunidad Valenciana (2007-2011)|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1695403313004980|journal=Anales de Pediatría|language=es|volume=81|issue=5|pages=303–309|doi=10.1016/j.anpedi.2013.11.031|issn=1695-4033}}</ref> and Gardasil 9,<ref name="Liu2016" /> HPV vaccines lead to developing [[chronic fatigue syndrome]].<ref name="NHS-HPV-safety">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vaccinations/hpv-vaccine-cervarix-gardasil-safety/ | title = HPV vaccine safety | last = | first = | authorlink = | date = 2019-07-31 | website = National Health Service|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2021-09-30}}</ref><ref name="Arbyn2018">{{Cite journal | last = Arbyn | first = M. | last2 = Xu | first2 = L. | date = 2018-12-02 | title = Efficacy and safety of prophylactic HPV vaccines. A Cochrane review of randomized trials|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/14760584.2018.1548282|journal=Expert Review of Vaccines|volume=17|issue=12|pages=1085–1091|doi=10.1080/14760584.2018.1548282|issn=1476-0584|pmid=30495978}}</ref> == Risk in developing Gulf War Illness == Vaccinations have been proposed as an etiological factor in [[Gulf War Illness]], especially the mass vaccinations given prior to military deployment.<ref name="Peakman, 2006" /> Vaccination in the presence of elevated [[cortisol]] levels can drive [[cytokine]] expression toward [[Th2]] dominance.<ref>{{Cite journal | last =Bernton | first=E. | last2 = Hoover | first2= D. | last3 = Galloway | first3 = R. | last4 = Popp | first4 = K. | date = 1995-12-29 | title = Adaptation to chronic stress in military trainees. Adrenal androgens, testosterone, glucocorticoids, IGF-1, and immune function|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8597461|journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences|volume=774|pages=217–231|issn=0077-8923|pmid=8597461}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last =Ramírez | first = F. | last2 = Fowell | first2 = D.J. | last3 = Puklavec | first3 = M. | last4 = Simmonds | first4=S. | last5 = Mason | first5 = D. | date = 1996-04-01 | title = Glucocorticoids promote a TH2 cytokine response by CD4+ T cells in vitro|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8786298|journal=Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md.: 1950)|volume=156|issue=7|pages=2406–2412|issn=0022-1767|pmid=8786298}}</ref> == Vaccines in ME/CFS and Fibromyalgia patients== Risk of contracting an infectious disease such as [[COVID-19]], flu or other [[virus]]es and bacterial diseases depends on exposure to the infection and the strength of the person's immune system. People with a weakened immune system are known as immunocompromised or immunosuppressed, for example people with AIDS, diabetes or malnutrition, or people taking immunosuppressant medications.<ref name="cancer-def">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/immunocompromised | title = Immunocompromised | last = | first = | authorlink = | date = 2011-02-02 | website = cancer.gov|language=en|access-date=2020-12-22}}</ref> ME/CFS includes [[:Category:Immune signs and symptoms|immune symptoms]] including a [[sore throat]], [[swollen lymph nodes]], and [[flu-like symptoms]], but patients are generally '''''not''''' considered to be severely immunocompromised, and immunosuppressant medications are unlikely to be used by most ME/CFS patients, this means that ME/CFS patients are not significantly more likely to experience life-threatening complications from [[COVID-19]], viral or other infections―however some patients are already very severely ill due to [[severe and very severe ME#verysevere|very severe ME]].<ref name="Klimas20200313">{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pkGXiJ1jM14 | title = COVID-19 and ME/CFS - Dr Nancy Klimas, Mar 13, 2020 | last = Klimas | first = Nancy | date = 2020-03-13|work=|access-date=Mar 24, 2020|quote= | author-link = Nancy Klimas}}</ref><ref name="canadianconsensus">{{Citation | last1 = Carruthers | first1 = Bruce M. | authorlink1 = Bruce Carruthers | last2 = Jain | first2 = Anil Kumar | authorlink2 = Anil Kumar Jain | last3 = De Meirleir | first3 = Kenny L. | authorlink3 = Kenny De Meirleir | last4 = Peterson | first4 = Daniel L. | authorlink4 = Daniel Peterson | last5 = Klimas | first5 = Nancy G. | authorlink5 = Nancy Klimas | last6 = Lerner | first6 = A. Martin | authorlink6 = Martin Lerner | last7 = Bested | first7 = Alison C. | authorlink7 = Alison Bested | last8 = Flor-Henry | first8 = Pierre | authorlink8 = Pierre Flor-Henry | last9 = Joshi | first9 = Pradip | authorlink9 = Pradip Joshi | last10 = Powles | first10 = AC Peter | authorlink10 = A C Peter Powles | last11 = Sherkey | first11 = Jeffrey A. | authorlink11 = Jeffrey Sherkey | last12 = van de Sande | first12 = Marjorie I. | authorlink12 = Marjorie van de Sande | title = Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Clinical Working Case Definition, Diagnostic and Treatment Protocols | journal = Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | volume = 11 | issue = 2 | pages = 7-115 | date = 2003 | pmid = | doi = 10.1300/J092v11n01_02 | url = http://www.investinme.org/Documents/PDFdocuments/CanadianDefinitionME-CFS.pdf }}</ref><ref name="ICP2011primer">{{citation | last1 = Carruthers | first1 = BM | authorlink1 = Bruce Carruthers | last2 = van de Sande | first2 = MI | authorlink2 = Marjorie van de Sande | last3 = De Meirleir | first3 = KL | authorlink3 = Kenny de Meirleir | last4 = Klimas | first4 = NG | authorlink4 = Nancy Klimas | last5 = Broderick | first5 = G | authorlink5 = Gordon Broderick | last6 = Mitchell | first6 = T | author-link6 = Terry Mitchell | last7 = Staines | first7 = D | authorlink7 = Donald Staines | last8 = Powles | first8 = ACP | authorlink8 = A C Peter Powles | last9 = Speight | first9 = N | authorlink9 = Nigel Speight | last10 = Vallings | first10 = R | authorlink10 = Rosamund Vallings | last11 = Bateman | first11 = L | authorlink11 = Lucinda Bateman | last12 = Bell | first12 = DS | authorlink12 = David Bell | last13 = Carlo-Stella | first13 = N | authorlink13 = Nicoletta Carlo-Stella | last14 = Chia | first14 = J | authorlink14 = John Chia | last15 = Darragh | first15 = A | authorlink15 = Austin Darragh | last16 = Gerken | first16 = A | authorlink16 = Anne Gerken | last17 = Jo | first17 = D | authorlink17 = Daehyun Jo | last18 = Lewis | first18 = DP | authorlink18 = Donald Lewis | last19 = Light | first19 = AR | authorlink19 = Alan Light | last20 = Light | first20 = KC | authorlink20 = Kathleen Light | last21 = Marshall-Gradisnik | first21 = S | authorlink21 = Sonya Marshall-Gradisnik | last22 = McLaren-Howard | first22 = J | authorlink22= John McLaren-Howard | last23 = Mena | first23 = I | authorlink23 = Ismael Mena | last24 = Miwa | first24 = K | authorlink24 = Kunihisa Miwa | last25 = Murovska | first25 = M | authorlink25= Modra Murovska | last26 = Stevens | first26 = SR | authorlink26 = Staci Stevens | title = Myalgic encephalomyelitis: Adult & Paediatric: International Consensus Primer for Medical Practitioners | date = 2012 | isbn = 978-0-9739335-3-6 | url = http://www.investinme.org/Documents/Guidelines/Myalgic%20Encephalomyelitis%20International%20Consensus%20Primer%20-2012-11-26.pdf }}</ref> This means most ME/CFS patients would '''''not''''' be considered to be at very high risk of serious COVID-19 complications unless they had other known risk factors such as obesity, older age or other illnesses.<ref name="Klimas20200313" /> ===ME/CFS patients, viruses and vaccines === Many vaccines exist for common viruses, and [[virus]]es are generally known to increase the severity of ME/CFS in a proportion of patients, either temporarily or permanently; there is a known risk of deterioration after a virus although it is unclear exactly how many ME/CFS patients experience this.<ref name="ICP2011primer" /> ==Vaccine effectiveness in ME/CFS patients == A study in 2012 assessed immune system responses to the flu [[vaccine]] in people with ME/CFS, and took biological samples that showed the immune systems of ME/CFS patients responded similarly to those of healthy people. The study indicated a similar antibody response in ME/CFS patients after the vaccine, and it was likely to be as effective in protecting ME/CFS patients against flu.<ref name="Prinsen2012" /> The study did not include a long-term follow-up to assess duration of vaccine effectiveness or overall effect on ME/CFS symptoms.<ref name="Prinsen2012">{{Cite journal | last =Prinsen | first=Hetty | authorlink = | last2 = de Vries | first2=I. Jolanda M.|author-link2 = | last3 = Torensma | first3 = Ruurd | author-link3 = | last4 = Pots | first4=Jeanette M. | authorlink4 = | last5 = Mulder | first5 = Sasja F. | authorlink5 = | last6 = van Herpen | first6 = Carla M. L. | authorlink6 = | last7 = Elving | first7 = Lammy D. | last8 = Bleijenberg | first8 = Gijs | authorlink8 = Gijs Bleijenberg | last9 = Stelma | first9 = Foekje F. | date = 2012-12-17 | title = Humoral and cellular immune responses after influenza vaccination in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2172-13-71|journal=BMC Immunology|volume=13|issue=1 | pages = 71|doi=10.1186/1471-2172-13-71|issn=1471-2172|pmc=3534525|pmid=23244635|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref> ==Immunocompromised people and vaccines == People who are severely immunocompromised either by a particular disease or treatment are advised to get additional vaccines due to their suppressed immune system being unlikely to fight off infections.<ref name="Avaz2014">{{Cite journal | last = Arvas | first = Ahmet | date = 2014-09-01 | title = Vaccination in patients with immunosuppression|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4462293/|journal=Turkish Archives of Pediatrics/Türk Pediatri Arşivi|volume=49|issue=3|pages=181–185|doi=10.5152/tpa.2014.2206|issn=1306-0015|pmc=4462293|pmid=26078660}}</ref> The CDC states that only live and bacterial vaccines should be avoided by immunocompromised people (vaccines containing a reduced amount of a live virus or other infection).<ref name="CDC-weakenedimmune" /><ref name="Avaz2014" /> While having ME/CFS does '''''not''''' make a person severely immunocompromised, some people with ME/CFS may have other known risk factors.<ref name="Klimas20200313" /> Immunocompromised people who receive a vaccine that is not live and not a bacterial vaccine will not be able to produce as many antibodies as a healthy person so the vaccine will not work as well, but the reduced protection should reduce the severity of the virus and improve survival rates.<ref name="CDC-weakenedimmune">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/adults/rec-vac/health-conditions/weakened-immune.html | title = Vaccination of Adults with Weakened Immune System | last = | first = | authorlink = | date = 2020-11-12 | website = [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|language=en-us|access-date=2020-12-22}}</ref><ref name="Avaz2014" /> Immunocompromised people who choose to have a vaccine may be given a specific type of vaccine more suited to their needs, for example a flu vaccine injection instead of the flu nasal spray vaccine (because the flu nasal spray is a live vaccine).<ref name="CDC-disabilities">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/flu/highrisk/people-with-disabilities.htm | title = Children and Flu Antiviral Drugs | last =CDC | first = | authorlink = | date = 2020-11-17 | website = [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|language=en-us|access-date=2020-12-22}}</ref> ==Autoimmunity and ME/CFS == The unproven [[autoimmune hypothesis]] states that a subtype of ME involves autoimmunity, which is an overactive immune system rather than a weakened immune response.<ref name="OMF2018research">{{Cite web|url=https://www.omf.ngo/2018/02/28/omf-funded-research-t-cells-molecular-immunology/ | title = OMF-funded research: T cells and molecular immunology | last =Open Medicine Foundation | first= | authorlink = Open Medicine Foundation | date = Feb 28, 2018 | website = Open Medicine Foundation|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-11}}</ref> Evidence for this theory is limited. {{See also|Autoimmune hypothesis}} {{See also|Influenza vaccine}} ==Types== ===Live vaccines === Live vaccines contain either weakened or killed pathogens which cannot cause disease. Different types include: * Whole-pathogen vaccines, for example the Harvix Hepatitis A vaccine, these provide very good immunity for either a lifetime. or a very long period of time * Subunit vaccines that just contain the antigens needed.<ref name="niaid-types" /> Live vaccines may not be suitable for some people, for example those who have received an organ transparent, or those with a weakened immune system, or people with long-term conditions.<ref name="hhs-types">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vaccines.gov/types | title = Vaccine Types | last =Health and Human Services | first = | authorlink = | date = |website=vaccines.gov|access-date=2020-11-01}}</ref> ===Inactivated vaccines=== These may contain all the pathogen, which has been killed or inactivated in a lab, for example by heat or another method, or just the antigens needed, for example the newer whooping cough (pertussis) which has a lower risk of fever or swelling at the injection site.<ref name="niaid-types" /> Protection is not as strong as with live vaccines, so several booster shots are usually needed.<ref name="hhs-types" /> ===Toxoid vaccines === These contain chemically inactivated toxins, for example the diphtheria and tetanus vaccines that protect against those bacteria.<ref name="niaid-types" /> ===Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide and conjugate vaccines=== These vaccines do not contain the whole virus or pathogen, they may contain just particular pieces, e.g. a protein, sugar or part of the shell of the pathogen. This creates a very strong targetted immune response.<ref name="hhs-types" /> Recombinant vaccines have been around since the 1970s and use DNA technology to combine two or more sources, e.g., antigen in the hepatitis B vaccine is a hepatitis B virus protein produced by yeast cells into which the genetic code for the viral protein has been inserted into. These may use virus-like particles (VLP) from the shell of a virus to cause immunity without the risk of infection.<ref name="niaid-types" /> Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide and conjugate viruses are suitable for people with '''weakened immune systems''', chronic illness or other long-term health conditions as well as the general population. Examples include the current Hib (haemophilus influenzae type b) vaccines, [[HPV]] vaccines, and [[hepatitis B vaccine]].<ref name="hhs-types" /> Several booster shots may be needed.<ref name="hhs-types" /> ===New types of vaccines=== The first COVID-19 vaccines to be approved in the [[United States]], [[UK]] and European Union are the Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna messenger RNA (mRNA) COVID-19 vaccines, mRNA vaccines do not contain live or weakened [[COVID-19]], so these vaccines are suitable for severely immunocompromised people as well as people in the general population and cannot cause COVID-19.<ref name="CDC-">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/different-vaccines/mrna.html | title = mRNA vaccines {{!}} COVID-19 and Your Health | last = | first = | authorlink = | date = 2020-02-11 | website = [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|language=en-us|access-date=2020-12-22}}</ref> A number of other new types of vaccines are being developed. A vaccine to protect against multiple diseases caused by mosquitos is being developed to cause an immune response to mosquitos saliva rather than a particular virus or bacterium.<ref name="niaid-types" /> ==Publications== * 2018, Do Vaccines Cause Fibromyalgia or Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS)? in ''The Clinician’s Vaccine Safety Resource Guide''<ref name="Dudley2018">{{Cite book | last =Dudley | first = Matthew Z. | last2 = Salmon | first2=Daniel A. | last3 = Halsey | first3 = Neal A. | last4 = Orenstein | first4=Walter A. | last5 = Limaye | first5 = Rupali J. | last6 = O'Leary | first6 = Sean T. | last7 = Omer | first7 = Saad B. | date = 2018 | title = Do Vaccines Cause Fibromyalgia or Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS)?|url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-319-94694-8_35|language=en|location=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|pages=241–244|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-94694-8_35|isbn=9783319946931}}</ref> == See also == * [[Influenza]] * [[Influenza vaccine]] * [[Coronavirus disease 19]] * [[COVID-19 vaccines]] * [[Staphylococcus vaccine]] == Learn more == *[https://www.vaccines.gov/basics Vaccine Basics]<ref name="hhs-basics">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vaccines.gov/basics | title = Vaccine Basics | last =Health and Human Services | first = | authorlink = | date = |website=vaccines.gov|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-11-01}}</ref> - Health and Human Services * [https://www.niaid.nih.gov/research/vaccine-types Vaccine Types]<ref name="niaid-types">{{Cite web|url=http://www.niaid.nih.gov/research/vaccine-types | title = Vaccine Types | last =National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases | first = | authorlink = National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases | date = |website=niaid.nih.gov|language=en|access-date=2020-11-01}}</ref> - NIAID *[https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-(covid-19)-vaccines Coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccines]<ref name="COVID-vaccines-WHO">{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-(covid-19)-vaccines | title = Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Vaccines | last =World Health Organization | first= | authorlink = World Health Organization | date = |website=[[World Health Organization]]|language=en|access-date=2020-11-01}}</ref> - World Health Organization - with a details of vaccines in development *[https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/different-vaccines/mrna.html mRNA vaccines] - CDC * [https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/adults/rec-vac/health-conditions/weakened-immune.html Vaccination of Adults with weakened immune systems] - CDC * [https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/downloads/vac-storage.pdf Vaccine Storage and Handling]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/downloads/vac-storage.pdf | title = Vaccine Storage and Handling | last =Centers for Disease Control | first = | date = |website=cdc.gov|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|access-date= | authorlink = Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> - CDC *[https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/vaccination.html 10 Things to Know about US COVID-19 Vaccine Plans]<ref name="CDC-covid-vaccineplans">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/vaccination.html | title = Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) | last =CDC | first = | authorlink = Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | date = 2020-02-11 | website = [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|language=en-us|access-date=2020-11-01}}</ref> * [https://blausen.com/en/video/vaccines/ Vaccines]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blausen.com/en/video/vaccines/ | title = Vaccines|website=blausen.com|access-date=2018-08-25}}</ref> Video short - Blausen.com ==References== <references> <ref name="Peakman, 2006">{{Citation | last1 = Peakman | first1 = Mark | authorlink1 = | last2 = Skowera | first2 = Ania | authorlink2 = | last3 = Hotopf | first3 = Matthew | authorlink3 = | title = Immunological dysfunction, vaccination and Gulf War illness | journal = Immunological dysfunction, vaccination and Gulf War illness. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | volume = 361 | issue = 1468 | page = 681–687 | date = 2006 | doi = 10.1098/rstb.2006.1826 }}</ref> </references> [[Category:Immunology]] [[Category:Immunostimulants]] [[Category:Triggers and risk factors]]
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