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Vitamin D
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== Autoimmune disease == Low vitamin D is a possible or known risk factor for [[systemic lupus erythematosus]],<ref name="kamen2006">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.autrev.2005.05.009| issn = 1568-9972| volume = 5 | issue = 2| pages = 114–117| last1 = Kamen | first1 = Diane L. | last2 = Cooper | first2 = Glinda S. | last3 = Bouali | first3 = Henda | last4 = Shaftman | first4 = Stephanie R. | last5 = Hollis | first5 = Bruce W. | last6 = Gilkeson | first6 = Gary S.| title = Vitamin D deficiency in systemic lupus erythematosus| journal = Autoimmunity Reviews| series = Special Issue on CIS Spring School of Autoimmune Diseases| access-date = 2016-11-10| date = February 2006| url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1568997205000935}}</ref> [[multiple sclerosis]], [[rheumatoid arthritis]], type 1 diabetes,<ref name="Paul2011" /> [[inflammatory bowel disease]],<ref name="cantorna2004">{{Cite journal | issn = 1535-3702| volume = 229 | issue = 11| pages = 1136–1142| last1 = Cantorna | first1 = Margherita T. | last2 = Mahon | first2 = Brett D. | title = Mounting Evidence for Vitamin D as an Environmental Factor Affecting Autoimmune Disease Prevalence| journal = Experimental Biology and Medicine | date = 2004-12-01| url = http://ebm.sagepub.com/content/229/11/1136 | pmid = 15564440}}</ref> alopecia areata (an autoimmune disease causing hair to fall out),<ref name="vdr" /> and the autoimmune thyroid disease [[Hashimoto's thyroiditis (hypothyroidism)]].<ref name="bizzaro2015">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1007/s12026-014-8579-z| issn = 1559-0755| volume = 61 | issue = 1-2| pages = 46–52| last1 = Bizzaro | first1 = Giorgia | last2 = Shoenfeld | first2 = Yehuda | title = Vitamin D and autoimmune thyroid diseases: facts and unresolved questions| journal = Immunologic Research| date = February 2015 | pmid = 25407646 | url = https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25407646/}}</ref> Active [[Crohn's disease]] has also been found to be associated with lower Vitamin D levels.<ref name="hvas2013">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1016/j.crohns.2013.01.012| issn = 1876-4479| volume = 7 | issue = 10| pages = 407-413| last1 = Jørgensen | first1 = Søren Peter | last2 = Hvas | first2 = Christian Lodberg | last3 = Agnholt | first3 = Jørgen | last4 = Christensen | first4 = Lisbet Ambrosius | last5 = Heickendorff | first5 = Lene | last6 = Dahlerup | first6 = Jens Frederik| title = Active Crohn's disease is associated with low vitamin D levels| journal = Journal of Crohn's & Colitis| date = November 2013 | pmid = 23403039 | url = https://academic.oup.com/ecco-jcc/article/7/10/e407/379813}}</ref> ===Multiple sclerosis=== Among people with early stage [[multiple sclerosis]] (MS), those with higher vitamin D levels had better outcomes five years after follow up.<ref name="NIHvitd">{{Citation | last = Torgan | first = Carol | date = 2014-02-03 | title = Vitamin D Levels Predict Multiple Sclerosis Progression|url= http://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/vitamin-d-levels-predict-multiple-sclerosis-progression|newspaper= NIH Research Matters|access-date= 2016-11-10}}</ref><ref name="ms-trust-vitaminD" /> It is theorized that there may be a link between low Vitamin D, [[Epstein-Barr virus]] and MS.<ref name="holmoy2008">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1016/j.mehy.2007.04.030| issn = 0306-9877| volume = 70 | issue = 1| pages = 66–69| last = Holmøy | first = Trygve| title = Vitamin D status modulates the immune response to Epstein Barr virus: Synergistic effect of risk factors in multiple sclerosis| journal = Medical Hypotheses| access-date = 2016-11-10| date = 2008| url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306987707003167}}</ref> <ref name="ms-trust-vitaminD">{{Cite web|url=https://mstrust.org.uk/life-ms/diet/vitamin-d | title = Vitamin D|website=MS Trust|language=en|access-date=2021-03-11}}</ref><ref name="ms-trust-ebv">{{Cite web|url=https://mstrust.org.uk/a-z/epstein-barr-virus | title = Epstein Barr virus|website=MS Trust|language=en|access-date=2021-03-11}}</ref> There are high levels of both vitamin D deficiency among Scotland's 15,000 MS sufferers;<ref name="ms-scotland">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mssociety.org.uk/contact-us/scotland | title = Scotland | last = | first = | author-link =| date = |website=Multiple Sclerosis Society UK|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2021-03-11}}</ref> Scotland has the highest prevalence of MS anywhere in the world at over 200 per 100,000 of the population, with over 400 per 100,000 in Orkney, and Scottish ancestry is a recognized risk factor.<ref name="Tarlington2019">{{Cite journal | last = Tarlinton | first = Rachael Eugenie|author-link = | last2 = Khaibullin | first2=Timur | author-link2 = | last3 = Granatov | first3 = Evgenii | author-link3 = | last4 = Martynova | first4 = Ekaterina | authorlink4 = | last5 = Rizvanov | first5 = Albert | authorlink5 = |last6 = Khaiboullina | first6 = Svetlana | authorlink6 = | date = Jan 2019 | title = The Interaction between Viral and Environmental Risk Factors in the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis|url=https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/20/2/303|journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences|language=en|volume=20|issue=2|pages=303|doi=10.3390/ijms20020303|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=|quote=|via=}}</ref><ref name="ms-trust">{{Cite web|url=https://mstrust.org.uk/a-z/prevalence-and-incidence-multiple-sclerosis | title = Prevalence and incidence of multiple sclerosis|website=MS Trust|language=en|access-date=2021-03-11}}</ref>
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