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==Beliefs and Evidence== * Simon Wessely has referred to [[chronic fatigue syndrome]] (CFS) and [[CFS/ME]] as "[[medically unexplained symptoms]]" on many occasions, meaning a [[Psychosomatic illness|(psycho)somatic]] disorder (mental illness) * Simon Wessely has also referred to [[Neurasthenia|neurasthenia]] as the previous name for ME/CFS, and Wessely & Sharpe have suggested it is not a neurological disorder<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite book | last=Sharpe | first = Michael | authorlink = Michael Sharpe | last2 = Wessely | first2 = Simon | author-link2 = Simon Wessely | date = | title = New Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry|url=http://oxfordmedicine.com/view/10.1093/med/9780199696758.001.0001/med-9780199696758-chapter-002008|language=en-gb|volume=|pages=1036–1043.|doi=10.1093/med/9780199696758.001.0001/med-9780199696758-chapter-002008|quote=Neurasthenia remains in the ICD-10 psychiatric classification as a fatigue syndrome unexplained by depressive or anxiety disorder, whilst the equivalent in DSM-IV is undifferentiated somatoform disorder. Myalgic encephalomyelitis or (encephalopathy) is in the neurological section of ICD-10 and is used by some to imply that the illness is neurological as opposed to a psychiatric one. Unfortunately the case descriptions under these different labels make it clear that they all reflect similar symptomatic presentations, adding to confusion.|via=|publisher=Oxford University Press| year = 2012|isbn=|location=|chapter=Chronic fatigue syndrome}}</ref> * Simon Wessley wrote a textbook on behalf of the Institute of Psychiatry, a [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) collaborating center which started that [[Chronic fatigue syndrome|CFS]] was classed as a psychiatric illness; the [[World Health Organization|WHO]] released a letter in response stating that the WHO classified ME/CFS/[[Postviral fatigue syndrome|PVFS]] as only a [[Nervous system|neurological]] illness, and that the use of the logo did not imply that they had endorsed the views in it. The second edition of the book was altered to refer to it as only a neurological illness. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.erythos.com/gibsonenquiry/docs/me_inquiry_report.pdf | title = Inquiry into the status of CFS / M.E. and research into causes and treatment (The Gibson Report) | last =Group on Scientific Research into Myalgic Encephalomyelitis | first = | date = November 2006 | website = |format = PDF | archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2018-10-14|quote=<br>''Simon Wessely''<br>Professor Wessely is considered by many to be the leading expert on treating CFS/ME and the CFS/ME treatment centres set up by the NHS have been to his model. Many patient groups oppose these treatments because, although they are founded on the positive results of controlled clinical trials, they are psychologically based. There is great dispute over the findings and beliefs of Professor Simon Wessely. Many patient groups believe Wessely and his colleagues are responsible for maintaining the perception that ME is a psychosocial illness. Wessely gave up the research side of his work possibly due to extreme harassment he received from a very small fringe section of the ME community.<br>There is conflicting evidence available regarding Wessely’s true opinions. The Group invited Wesseley to speak at an Oral Hearing, however he declined the offer and sent his colleagues Dr Trudie Chandler and Dr Anthony Cleare. The Group were disappointed not to have the opportunity to discuss this important issue with such a key figure. Wessely did not submit a written piece to the Inquiry, however in a letter to the Inquiry he did set out his belief that CFS/ME has a biological element which needs further research and investigation.}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/Lords/2004-01-22/debates/255ec089-dcad-453b-82aa-e28b91b5bed9/MyalgicEncephalomyelitis | title = Countess of Mar {{!}} Myalgic Encephalomyelitis - Hansard | last = | first = | date = |website=hansard.parliament.uk|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2018-10-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/chronic-fatigue_disposition-comments-2015.pdf | title = Chronic Fatigue Disposition Comments | last =Dimmock | first = Mary | authorlink=Mary Dimmock | date = 2015 | website = |archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=}}</ref> * Conducting biological or physical tests is actively avoided * Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome or CFS/ME do not have an organic (meaning physical) illness<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite journal | last =Maes | first = Michael | authorlink = Michael Maes | last2 = Twisk | first2 = Frank NM | authorlink2 = Frank Twisk| date = 2010-06-15 | title = Chronic fatigue syndrome: Harvey and Wessely's (bio)psychosocial model versus a bio(psychosocial) model based on inflammatory and oxidative and nitrosative stress pathways|url=https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1741-7015-8-35|journal=BMC Medicine|language=en|volume=8|issue=1|pages=|doi=10.1186/1741-7015-8-35|issn=1741-7015|pmc=2901228|pmid=20550693|quote=In the biopsychosocial view, the patient can 'recover' by adjusting dysfunctional beliefs and behaviour and reversing deconditioning, which are proposed to be the maintaining factors in ME/CFS. CBT is aimed at eliminating psychogenic maintaining factors, for example illness beliefs, unhelpful, anxiety-provoking thoughts and kinesiophobia ('fear of movement'); CBT challenges the negative cognitions and dysfunctional beliefs of the patients [3]. CBT is indissolubly attached with GET, a rehabilitative approach of graded increase in activity to address deconditioning [3].|via=}}</ref> * [[Illness beliefs|Dysfunctional illness beliefs]] are believed to exist in patients with ME/CFS<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://www.virology.ws/2015/10/21/trial-by-error-i/ | title = TRIAL BY ERROR: The Troubling Case of the PACE Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Study | last = Tuller | first = David | authorlink = David Tuller | date = 21 October 2015 | website = [[Virology blog]]|at=PART ONR|language=en-US|type=Blog|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2018-10-14|quote=''''The PACE Trial, Deconstructed''' <br>On Feb 17, 2011, at a press conference in London, psychiatrist Michael Sharpe and behavioral psychologist Trudie Chalder, members of the British medical and academic establishments, unveiled the results of a controversial clinical trial of more than 600 people diagnosed with chronic fatigue syndrome. The findings were being published in The Lancet. As with many things about the illness, the news was expected to cause a stir.<br>The study, known as the PACE trial, was the largest ever of treatments for chronic fatigue syndrome. The authors were among a prominent group of British mental health professionals who had long argued that the devastating symptoms were caused by severe physical deconditioning. They recognized that many people experienced an acute viral infection or other illness as an initial trigger. However, they believed that the syndrome was perpetuated by patients’ “unhelpful” and “dysfunctional” notion that they continued to suffer from an organic disease—and that exertion would make them worse. According to the experts’ theory, patients’ decision to remain sedentary for prolonged periods led to muscle atrophy and other negative systemic physiological impacts, which then caused even more fatigue and other symptoms in a self-perpetuating cycle.|ref=DeconstructingPACEPart1}}</ref><ref name=":7" /> * Fear of exercise is a behavior that acts as a maintaining factor in CFS, and prevents recovery<ref name=":7" /> * Patients can "recover" by adjusting dysfunctional beliefs and behaviors, and reversing [[deconditioning]]<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":1" /> * The role of the physical symptoms of patients should be minimized, they are based on severe [[deconditioning]] (or exist only in the patients' beliefs)<ref name=":5" /> * Patients "simulate" [[Paresis|muscle weakness]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cfstreatment.blogspot.com/p/corporate-collusion-uk-medical-research.html | title = Onward Through the Fog: Corporate Collusion? | last =Hooper | first = Malcolm | authorlink=Malcolm Hooper | date = |website=Onward Through the Fog|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2018-10-14}}</ref> * Patients who receive health insurance payouts or disability benefits are believed to have a lower prospect of recovery; "secondary gain" and assuming a "sick role" allow them to "manipulate" others, and are considered obstacles to recovery * Patients have been criticized by some of the Wessely school for "harassment", including submitting Freedom of Information Act requests for data resulting from clinical trials involving some if the Wessley school * CFS/ME is the preferred term for both CFS and [[myalgic encephalomyelitis]] (ME), which are the same * [[Myalgic encephalomyelitis|ME]] is a belief in an illness, rather than an illness<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://erythos.com/gibsonenquiry/Docs/OneClick.pdf | title = Evidence to the Gibson Enquiry | last =One Click Group | first = | date = |website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2018-10-14}}</ref> * Maes and Twisk refer to Harvey and Wessely's model of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome as "[[psychosocial]]" rather than "[[Biopsychosocial model|biopsychosocial]]"<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":1" /> * There has been some confusion over Professor Wessely's beliefs; he declined to give a written or oral statement to clarify them to the Group on Scientific Research into ME<ref name=":1" />
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