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[[File:Leptin.png|alt=A computer graphic drawing of leptin.|thumb|Leptin]] '''Leptin''' is a hormone involved in energy expenditure. Blood leptin levels vary exponentially with body fat mass (not linearly). Higher leptin levels are correlated with higher levels of inflammation. ==Purpose== Leptin is primarily produced in the adipocytes of white adipose (fat) tissue. It helps to regulate energy balance by inhibiting feelings of hunger. ==In M.E.== Two studies found correlation between leptin levels and symptom severity.<ref name="Younger2013" /><ref name="MDavis2017" /> Another study found raised leptin levels in patients.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Hornig | first1 = M | authorlink = Mady Hornig | last2 = Montoya | first2 = JG | authorlink2 = Jose Montoya | last3 = Klimas | first3 = NG | authorlink3 = Nancy Klimas | last4 = Levine | first4 = SM | authorlink4 = Susan Levine | last5 = Felsenstein | first5 = D | authorlink5 = Donna Felsenstein | last6 = Bateman | first6 = L | authorlink6=Lucinda Bateman | last7 = Peterson | first7 = DL | authorlink7 = Daniel Peterson | last8 = Gottschalk | first8 = CG | authorlink8 = Gunnar Gottschalk | last9 = Schultz|first9 = AF | authorlink9=Andrew Schultz | last10 = Che | first10 = X | authorlink10=Xiaoyu Che | last11 = Eddy | first11 = ML | authorlink11=Meredith Eddy | last12 = Komaroff | first12 = AL | authorlink12=Anthony Komaroff | last13 = Lipkin | first13 = WI | authorlink13 = Ian Lipkin | title = Distinct plasma immune signatures in ME/CFS are present early in the course of illness|journal=Science Advances|volume=1|issue=1 | page = | date = 2015 | pmid = |doi =10.1126/sciadv.1400121 | url = http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/1/1/e1400121.full}}</ref> Several other studies have been published on leptin in [[myalgic encephalomyelitis|ME]] and [[Chronic fatigue syndrome|CFS]].<ref name="Cleare2001" /><ref name="Cleare2003" /><ref name="Covelli2005" /> Australian researcher [[Michael Musker]] is undertaking a study entitled "Chronic fatigue syndrome: Leptin, interleukin 6 and clinical symptoms".<ref>[http://sacfs.asn.au/news/2016/02/02_13_sahmri_calling_for_research_participants.htm South Australian Health And Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI) Calling For Research Participants]</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last = Musker | first = Michael | last2 = McArthur | first2 = Alexa | last3 = Munn | first3 = Zachary | last4 = Wong | first4 = Ma-Li | date = 2020-11-02 | title = Circulating leptin levels in patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis, chronic fatigue syndrome or fibromyalgia: a systematic review protocol|url=https://journals.lww.com/10.11124/JBIES-20-00125|journal=JBI Evidence Synthesis|language=en|volume= 19 | issue = 3 | pages = 695-701|doi=10.11124/JBIES-20-00125|issn=2689-8381}}</ref> ==Learn more== *2014, [http://phoenixrising.me/archives/24695 Phoenix Rising - Leptin] *2015, [https://www.healthrising.org/blog/2015/01/26/getting-younger-leptin-chronic-fatigue-fibromyalgia/ Getting βYoungerβ: Leptin, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Fibromyalgia] *2015, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bFwAyrb5p34 Pandora Research Report: Jarred Younger - Leptin in the Role of Neuroinflammation, Pain and Fatigue] ([[Jarred Younger]]) *2015, [http://www.drcourtneycraig.com/blog/2015/1/27/leveraging-leptin Leveraging Leptin] - Dr [[Courtney Craig]] *2016 [https://selfhack.com/blog/dr-jared-younger-cutting-edge-research-on-cfs-neuroinflammation-pain-and-fatigue/ Self Hacked Interview] *2016, [http://www.healthrising.org/blog/2016/07/22/fatigue-pain-hormone-leptin-shows-time-fibromyalgia/ The Fatigue and Pain Hormone? Leptin Shows Up Again β in Fibromyalgia] *2016, [http://selfhacked.com/2016/03/22/all-about-leptin-its-role-in-chronic-inflammation-cfs-and-weight/ All About Leptin: Its Role in Chronic Inflammation, CFS and Weight] *2017, [https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2017/07/researchers-id-biomarkers-associated-with-chronic-fatigue-syndrome.html Researchers identify biomarkers associated with chronic fatigue syndrome severity] ==See also== *[[:Category:Diets|Diets]] *[[Jarred Younger]] *[[Ghrelin]] ==References== <references> <ref name="MDavis2017">{{Citation | last1 = Montoya | first1 = JG | authorlink1 = Jose Montoya | last2 = Holmes | first2 = TH | authorlink2 = | last3 =Anderson | first3 = JN | authorlink3 = | last4 = Maecker | first4 = HT | authorlink4 = | last5 = Rosenberg-Hasson | first5 = Y | authorlink5 = | last6 = Valencia | first6 = IJ | authorlink6 = Ian Valencia | last7 = Chu | first7 = L | authorlink7 = Lily Chu | last8 = Younger | first8 = JW | authorlink8 = Jarred Younger | last9 =Tato | first9 = CM | authorlink9 = | last10 =Davis | first10 = MM | authorlink10 = Mark Davis | title = Cytokine signature associated with disease severity in chronic fatigue syndrome patients | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 114 | issue = 34 | pages = E7150-E7158 | date = 2017 | pmid = 28760971 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1710519114 }}</ref> <ref name="Younger2013">{{Citation | last1 = Stringer | first1 = EA | authorlink1 = EA Stringer | last2 = Baker | first2 = KS | authorlink2 = KS Baker | last3 =Carroll | first3 = IR | authorlink3 = | last4 = Montoya | first4 = JG | authorlink4 = Jose Montoya | last5 = Chu | first5 = L | authorlink5 = Lily Chu | last6 = Maecker | first6 = HT | authorlink6 = HT Maecker | last7 = Younger | first7 = JW | authorlink7 = Jarred Younger | title = Daily cytokine fluctuations, driven by leptin, are associated with fatigue severity in chronic fatigue syndrome: evidence of inflammatory pathology | journal = Journal of Translational Medicine |volume = 11 |issue = 1 | page = 93 | date = 2013 | pmid = 23570606 | doi = 10.1186/1479-5876-11-93 }}</ref> <ref name="Covelli2005">{{Citation | last1 = Covelli | first1 = V | authorlink1 = V Covelli | last2 = Passeri | first2 = ME | authorlink2 = ME Passeri | last3 =Leogrande | first3 = D | authorlink3 = D Leogrande | last4 = Jirillo | first4 = E | authorlink4 = E Jirillo | last5 = Amati | first5 = L | authorlink5 = L Amati | title = Drug targets in stress-related disorders | journal = Current Medicinal Chemistry | volume = 12 | issue = 15 | pages = 1801-1809 | date = 2005 | pmid = 16029148 | doi = }}</ref> <ref name="Cleare2003">{{Citation | last1 = Cleare | first1 = Anthony J | authorlink1 = Anthony Cleare | title = The neuroendocrinology of chronic fatigue syndrome | journal = Endocrine Reviews | volume = 24 | issue = 2 | page = 236-252 | date = 2003 | pmid = 12700181 | doi = 10.1210/er.2002-0014 }}</ref> <ref name="Cleare2001">{{Citation | last1 = Cleare | first1 = Anthony J | authorlink1 = Anthony Cleare | last2 = O'Keane | first2 = V | authorlink2 = V O'Keane | last3 =Miell | first3 = J | authorlink3 = J Miell | title = Plasma leptin in chronic fatigue syndrome and a placebo-controlled study of the effects of low-dose hydrocortisone on leptin secretion | journal = Clinical Endocrinology | volume = 55 | issue = 1 | page = 113-119 | date = 2001 | pmid = 11453960 | doi = }}</ref> </references> [[Category:Neurotransmitters and hormones]] [[Category:Hormones]]
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