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Tyrosine
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'''Tyrosine''' is a non-essential [[amino acid]];<ref name="pubchem">{{Cite web|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Tyrosine | title = Tyrosine | last =PubChem|website=pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|language=en|access-date=2021-03-05}}</ref> it is a precursor to melanin which darkens skin,<ref name="pubchem" /> dopa, which is converted to the [[neurotransmitter]]s [[dopamine]], [[noradrenaline]] (norepinephrine) and [[adrenaline]] (epinephrine).<ref name="vanderPollch" /> Tyrosine is converted to [[l-dopa]] by the enzyme [[tyrosine hydroxylase]] (TH).<ref name="vanderPollch">{{Cite book | title=Guide to Nutritional Supplements | pages = 8|isbn=978-0-12-375661-9|edition=|volume=|language=en|title-link=|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_VjxiHvdlOQC&newbks=0&lpg=PA8&pg=PA8#v=snippet&f=true|access-date= | date = 2009-09-02|publisher=Academic Press | last =van der Poll | first = MCG | authorlink = | last2 = Luiking | first2 = YC |author-link2 = | last3 = Dejong | first3 = CHC | authorlink3 = | last4 = Soeters | first4=PB | authorlink4 = |veditors=|others=|doi=|oclc=|quote=|archive-url=|archive-date=|location=Oxford, UK | editor-last = Caballero | editor-first = Benjamin|editor1-link=|editor-last2=|editor-first2=|chapter=Amino Acids}}</ref> Dopamine is important for both pleasure and motivation, and both noradrenaline and adrenaline have a key role in the [[fight or flight response]] of the [[sympathetic nervous system]], which is activated by [[stress|emotional]] or physical arousal.<ref name="vanderPollch" /> Tyrosine is also an important precursor to the [[thyroid]] hormones [[triiodothyronine]] (T3) and [[thyroxine]] (T4).<ref name="vanderPollch"/> Tyrosine deficiencies are known to cause [[hypothyroidism]], [[hypotension|low blood pressure]] and a [low body temperature]].<ref name="pubchem" /> ==Sources == Tyrosine and its precursor [[phenylalanine]] are required for the synthesis of [[coenzyme Q10]]. People with the genetic condition ''phenylketonuria'' (PKU) need tyrosine supplements because they are unable to convert phenylalanine into tyrosine.<ref name="vanderPollch" /> ==ME/CFS == Reduced levels of plasma tyrosine have been found in ME/CFS patients.<ref name="Georgiades">{{Cite journal | last =Georgiades | first=Evelina | last2 = Behan | first2=Wilhelmina M.H. | last3 = Kilduff | first3 = Liam P. | last4 = Hadjicharalambous | first4=Marios | last5 = Mackie | first5 = Eileen E. | last6 = Wilson | first6 = John | last7 = Ward | first7 = Susan A. | last8 = Pitsiladis | first8 = Yannis P. | date = Aug 2003 | title = Chronic fatigue syndrome: new evidence for a central fatigue disorder |url =https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12708966|journal=Clinical Science (London, England: 1979)|volume=105|issue=2|pages=213β218|doi=10.1042/CS20020354|issn=0143-5221|pmid=12708966|pmc=|quote=|access-date=|via=}}</ref><ref name="Jones">{{Cite journal | last= Jones | first = Mark G. | last2 = Cooper | first2=Elizabeth | last3 = Amjad | first3=Saira | last4 = Goodwin | first4=C. Stewart | last5 = Barron | first5 = Jeffrey L. | last6 = Chalmers | first6 = Ronald A. | date = 2005-11-01 | title = Urinary and plasma organic acids and amino acids in chronic fatigue syndrome|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0009898105003116|journal=Clinica Chimica Acta|volume=361|issue=1|pages=150β158|doi=10.1016/j.cccn.2005.05.023|issn=0009-8981}}</ref> ==Evidence == Two studies of healthy adults have found that tyrosine supplements moderately increased cognitive performance and mental status after prolonged periods without sleep and under intensive military training.<ref name="vanderPollch" /> ==See also == *[[Dopamine]] *[[Noradrenaline]] (norepinephrine) *[[Adrenaline]] (epinephrine) *[[Fatty acid hypothesis]] *[[Fight or flight response]] ==Learn more== * [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Tyrosine Tyrosine] - PubChem == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Biochemistry and cell biology]] [[Category:Amino acids]] [[Category:Supplements]] [[Category:Potential treatments]] [[Category:Depression alternative treatments]] [[Category:Depression treatments]]
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