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A wide range of ocular signs and symptoms occur in [[ME/CFS]]. These include [[eye pain]], [[photophobia]] (light sensitivity), [[visual processing problems]], [[floaters]] and spots, [[tearing]], [[Dry eye syndrome|dry eyes]], poor focus, [[double vision]], [[scotomata]], blurred vision, [[tunnel vision]], [[night blindness]], [[depth-of-field loss]], [[nystagmus]], and [[early cataracts]].<ref>[[Erica Verrillo]], “Chapter 3: Symptoms - Vision and Eye Problems” in ''[[Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Treatment Guide, 2nd Edition]].'' Amazon, 2012. (eBook)</ref> ==Prevalence== *2001, In a Belgian study, 74.4% of patients meeting the [[Fukuda criteria]] and 77.2% of patients meeting the [[Holmes criteria]], in a cohort of 2073 [[chronic fatigue syndrome|CFS]] patients, reported problems with visual accuity.<ref>{{Cite journal | last =De Becker | first=Pascale | author-link = Pascale De Becker | last2=McGregor | first2 = Neil | author-link2 = Neil McGregor | last3=De Meirleir | first3=Kenny | author-link3 = Kenny De Meirleir | date = December 2001 | title = A definition‐based analysis of symptoms in a large cohort of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1046/j.1365-2796.2001.00890.x?sid=nlm%3Apubmed|journal=Journal of Internal Medicine|volume=250|issue=3|pages=234–240|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2796.2001.00890.x|quote=|via=}}</ref> ==Symptom recognition == [[Blurred vision]] is a potential symptom of [[Long COVID]] in the [[World Health Organization Long COVID diagnostic criteria|World Health Organization]]'s definition.<ref name="WHO-longcovid-criteria">{{citation | title = A clinical case definition of post COVID-19 condition by a Delphi consensus | date = Oct 6, 2021 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] | others = World Health Organization (WHO) clinical case definition working group on post COVID-19 condition | first1 = Joan B. | last1 = Soriano | first2 = Maya | last2 = Allan | first3 = Carine | last3 = Alsokhn | first4 = Nisreen A. | last4 = Alwan | authorlink4 = Nisreen Alwan | first5 = Lisa | last5 = Askie | first6 = Hannah E. |last6 = Davis | authorlink6 = Hannah Davis | first7 = Janet V. | last7 = Diaz | first8 = Tarun | last8 = Dua | first9 = Wouter | last9 = de Groote | first10 = Robert | last10 = Jakob | first11 = Marta | last11 = Lado | first12 = John | last12 = Marshall | first13 = Srin | last13 = Murthy | first14 = Jacobus | last14 = Preller | first15 = Pryanka | last15 = Relan | first16 = Nicoline | last16 = Schiess | first17 = Archana | last17 = Seahwag | ref = WHO reference number: WHO/2019-nCoV/Post_COVID-19_condition/Clinical_case_definition/2021.1 | url = https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/WHO-2019-nCoV-Post_COVID-19_condition-Clinical_case_definition-2021.1}}</ref> ==Notable studies== *1992, Ocular Manifestations of Chronic Fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome<ref>{{Citation| issn = 1040-5488| volume = 69 | issue = 10| pages = 811–814| last1 = Potaznick | first1 = Walter F.A. A.O. | last2 = Kozol | first2 = Neil| title = Ocular Manifestations of Chronic Fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome| journal = Optometry & Vision Science | date = October 1992}}</ref> *1994, Survey of the Ocular Manifestations of Chronic Fatigue Immune Dysfunction Syndrome<ref>{{Citation| issn = 1058-4838| volume = 18| pages = 87-S87| last1 = Potaznick | first1 = Walter | last2 = Kozol | first2 = Neil| title = Survey of the Ocular Manifestations of Chronic Fatigue Immune Dysfunction Syndrome| journal = Clinical Infectious Diseases| access-date = 2016-09-04 | date = 1994| url = http://www.jstor.org/stable/4457608}}</ref> *1994, The ocular signs and symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome<ref>{{Citation| issn = 0003-0244| volume = 65 | issue = 3| pages = 187–191| last1 = Caffery | first1 = B.E. | last2 = Josephson | first2 = J.E. | last3 = Samek | first3 = M.J | title = The ocular signs and symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome| journal = Journal of the American Optometric Association | date = March 1994 | pmid = 8201170}}</ref> *2000, Ocular manifestations in [[chronic fatigue syndrome]]<ref>{{Citation| issn = 1530-4086| volume = 32 | issue = 3| pages = 219–224| last1 = Mastropasqua | first1 = L. | last2 = Ciancaglini | first2 = M. | last3 = Carpineto | first3 = P. | last4 = Iezzi | first4 = A.| title = Ocular manifestations in chronic fatigue syndrome| journal = Annals of Ophthalmology | date = Jan 1, 2000}}</ref> *2003, Pathology of the organ of vision in [[chronic fatigue syndrome]]<ref>{{Citation| issn = 0042-465X| volume = 119 | issue = 2| pages = 45–47| last1 = Frolov | first1 = V.M. | last2 = Petrunia | first2 = A.M.| title = Pathology of the organ of vision in chronic fatigue syndrome| journal = Vestnik Oftalmologii | date = April 2003 | pmid = 13678013}}</ref> *2013, Characterising eye movement dysfunction in [[ME/CFS|myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome]]<ref>{{Citation| doi = 10.1007/s00417-013-2431-3| issn = 0721-832X| volume = 251 | issue = 12| pages = 2769–2776| last1 = Badham | first1 = Stephen P. | last2 = Hutchinson | first2 = Claire V.| title = Characterising eye movement dysfunction in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome| journal = Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology | date = 6 Aug 2013}}</ref> *2013, Patterns of abnormal visual attention in [[myalgic encephalomyelitis]]<ref>{{Cite journal | last =Hutchinson | first = Claire V. | author-link = Claire Hutchinson | last2 = Badham | first2 = Stephen P. | date = Jun 2013 | title = Patterns of Abnormal Visual Attention in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis|url=http://content.wkhealth.com/linkback/openurl?sid=WKPTLP:landingpage&an=00006324-201306000-00012|journal=Optometry and Vision Science|volume=90|issue=6|pages=607–614|doi=10.1097/opx.0b013e318294c232|issn=1040-5488|via=}}</ref> *2014, Vision-related symptoms as a clinical feature of [[ME/CFS|chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis]]? Evidence from the [[DePaul Symptom Questionnaire]]<ref>{{Citation| doi = 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2013-304439| issn = 1468-2079| volume = 98 | issue = 1| pages = 144–145| last1 = Hutchinson | first1 = Claire V. | last2 = Maltby | first2 = John | last3 = Badham | first3 = Stephen P. | last4 = Jason | first4 = Leonard A. | author-link4 = Leonard Jason| title = Vision-related symptoms as a clinical feature of chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis? Evidence from the DePaul Symptom Questionnaire| journal = The British Journal of Ophthalmology | date = January 2014 | pmid = 24187048}}</ref> [https://bjo.bmj.com/content/98/1/144.long (Abstract)] *2015, Increased Vulnerability to Pattern-Related Visual Stress in [[Myalgic Encephalomyelitis]]<ref>{{Citation| doi = 10.1177/0301006615614467| issn = 0301-0066| volume = 44 | issue = 12| pages = 1422–1426| last1 = Wilson | first1 = Rachel L. | last2 = Paterson | first2 = Kevin B. | last3 = Hutchinson | first3 = Claire V.| title = Increased Vulnerability to Pattern-Related Visual Stress in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis| journal = Perception | date = December 2015 | pmid = 26562880}}</ref> *2016, Binocular Vision in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome<ref>{{Citation| doi = 10.3368/aoj.66.1.92 | issn = 0065-955X | volume = 66 | issue = 1 | pages = 92-97 | last1 = Godts | first1 = Daisy | last2 = Moorkens | first2 = Greta | last3 = Mathysen | first3 = Danny G P | title = Binocular Vision in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | journal = American Orthoptic Journal | date = January 2016 | pmid = 27799582}}</ref> *2018, Restricted Spatial Windows of Visibility in [[Myalgic Encephalomyelitis]] (ME)<ref>{{Citation| doi = 10.3390/vision2010002| journal = Vision| volume = 2 | issue = 1| pages = | last1 = Ahmed | first1 = Nadia S. | last2 = Gottlob | first2 = Irene | last3 = Proudlock | first3 = Frank A. | last4 = Hutchinson | first4 = Claire V. | title = Restricted Spatial Windows of Visibility in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME)| date = Jan 17, 2018}}</ref> *2018, Visual aspects of reading performance in [[Myalgic Encephalomyelitis]] (ME)<ref>{{Cite journal | last =|first = | last2 = | first2 = |vauthors=Wilson, R, Paterson, KB, McGowan, VA, Hutchinson, C | date = Jul 2018 | title = Visual aspects of reading performance in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME)|url=https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01468/abstract|journal=Frontiers in Psychology|volume=|pages=|doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01468|via=}}</ref> [https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01468/abstract (Abstract)] ==See also== *[[Claire Hutchinson]] *[[Dry eye syndrome]] *[[Eye pain]] *[[Photophobia]] ==Learn more== *[http://cfstreatment.blogspot.co.uk/2015/11/visual-stress-symptom-of-mecfs.html Visual Stress: A Symptom of ME/CFS] *[http://www.prohealth.com/library/showarticle.cfm?UTM_MEDIUM=feed&LIBID=21943 Visual stress could be a symptom of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, research suggests] *Jun 4, 2018, [https://www.meaction.net/2018/06/04/victory-for-me-disability-claim-court-upholds-plaintiffs-lawsuit-after-being-denied-disability/ Victory For ME Disability Claim – U.S. Court Upholds Plaintiff's Lawsuit After Being Denied Disability]<ref name=":032">{{Cite web|url=https://www.meaction.net/2018/06/04/victory-for-me-disability-claim-court-upholds-plaintiffs-lawsuit-after-being-denied-disability/ | title = Victory for ME Disability Claim - U.S. Court Upholds Plaintiff's Lawsuit After Being Denied Disability | last = Tillman | first = Adriane | author-link =| date = 2018-06-04 | website = #MEAction|language=en-US|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2019-02-02}}</ref> :[[Brian Vastag]] was able to prove with [[qEEG]] and [[Cognitive dysfunction|cognitive]] tests he had "significant problems with visual perception and analysis, scanning speed, attention, visual motor coordination, motor and mental speed, [[Memory problems|memory]], and [[Word-finding problems|verbal fluency]]" winning his long term disability (LTD) claim.<ref name=":032" /> ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Signs and symptoms]] [[Category:Ocular signs and symptoms]] [[Category:Long COVID signs and symptoms]]
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