T helper cell: Difference between revisions
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Th2 cells are a subset of T helper cells that are involved in humoral immunity against extracellular parasites, bacteria, toxins and allergens. They are triggered by IL-4 and their effector [[cytokines]] are IL-4, [[Interleukin 5|IL-5]], [[Interleukin 9|IL-9]], [[Interleukin 10|IL-10]] and [[Interleukin 13|IL-13]]. The main effector cells are [[Eosinophil|eosinophils]], [[Basophil granulocyte|basophils]], and [[Mast cell|mast cells]] as well as [[B cell|B cells]], and [[Interleukin 4|IL-4]]/[[Interleukin 5|IL-5]] [[CD4 T cell]]s. | Th2 cells are a subset of T helper cells that are involved in humoral immunity against extracellular parasites, bacteria, toxins and allergens. They are triggered by IL-4 and their effector [[cytokines]] are IL-4, [[Interleukin 5|IL-5]], [[Interleukin 9|IL-9]], [[Interleukin 10|IL-10]] and [[Interleukin 13|IL-13]]. The main effector cells are [[Eosinophil|eosinophils]], [[Basophil granulocyte|basophils]], and [[Mast cell|mast cells]] as well as [[B cell|B cells]], and [[Interleukin 4|IL-4]]/[[Interleukin 5|IL-5]] [[CD4 T cell]]s. | ||
Autoimmune diseases characterized by a Th2 immune profile include [[Lupus]], scleroderma, i[[Inflammatory bowel disease|nflammatory bowel disease]], and [[Asthma]].{{Citation needed}} [[Chronic fatigue syndrome]] may be characterized by a Th2 [[cytokine]] profile.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Skowera|first=A.|author-link=Anna Showera | last2 = Cleare|first2=A.| | Autoimmune diseases characterized by a Th2 immune profile include [[Lupus]], scleroderma, i[[Inflammatory bowel disease|nflammatory bowel disease]], and [[Asthma]].{{Citation needed}} [[Chronic fatigue syndrome]] may be characterized by a Th2 [[cytokine]] profile.<ref>{{Cite journal | last =Skowera | first=A. | author-link = Anna Showera | last2 = Cleare | first2 = A. | authorlink2 = Anthony Cleare | last3 = Blair | first3= D. | authorlink3 = Dorothy Blair | last4 = Bevis | first4 = L. | authorlink4 = L Bevis | last5 = Wessely | first5 = S.C. | authorlink5 = Simon Wessely | last6 = Peakman | first6 = M. | authorlink6 = Mark Peakman | date = Feb 2004 | title = High levels of type 2 cytokine-producing cells in chronic fatigue syndrome|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2249.2004.02354.x|journal=[[Clinical and Experimental Immunology]]|language=en|volume=135|issue=2|pages=294–302|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2249.2004.02354.x|issn=0009-9104|pmc=1808936|pmid=14738459|quote=|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last =Patarca | first = Roberto | author-link =Roberto Patarca-Montero | date = 2001 | title=Cytokines and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome|url=https://nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05824.x|journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=933|issue=1|pages=185–200|doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05824.x|issn=1749-6632|quote=|via=}}</ref> | ||
== Th17 == | == Th17 == | ||
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== Modulating the Th1/Th2 balance == | == Modulating the Th1/Th2 balance == | ||
There are many compounds that have been suggested to suppress a Th2-mediated immune response, inducing a shift toward a Th1-type response. These include [[ginger]]<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Ahui|first=Marie Louise Berthe | last2 = Champy|first2=Pierre | last3 = Ramadan|first3=Abdulraouf|last4=Pham Van|first4=Linh | last5 = Araujo|first5=Luiza | last6 = Brou André|first6=Konan | last7 = Diem|first7=Séverine | last8 = Damotte | first8 = Diane | last9 = Kati-Coulibaly | first9 = Séraphin|date=2008-12-10|title=Ginger prevents Th2-mediated immune responses in a mouse model of airway inflammation|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18692598|journal=International Immunopharmacology|volume=8|issue=12|pages=1626–1632|doi=10.1016/j.intimp.2008.07.009|issn=1567-5769|pmid=18692598}}</ref>, [[reishi]]<ref>{{Cite journal | last= Jan|first=Rong-Hwa | last2 = Lin|first2=Teng-Yi | last3 = Hsu|first3=Ya-Chun|last4=Lee|first4=Shiuh-Sheng | last5 = Lo|first5=Shih-Yen | last6 = Chang|first6=Mingi | last7 = Chen|first7=Li-Kuang | last8 = Lin | first8 = Yu-Li | date = 2011 |title=Immuno-modulatory activity of Ganoderma lucidum-derived polysacharide on human monocytoid dendritic cells pulsed with Der p 1 allergen|url=http://bmcimmunol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2172-12-31|journal=BMC Immunology|language=en|volume=12|issue=1|pages=31|doi=10.1186/1471-2172-12-31|issn=1471-2172}}</ref>, [[licorice]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bordbar|first=Narges|author-link= | last2 = Karimi|first2=Mohammad Hossein| | There are many compounds that have been suggested to suppress a Th2-mediated immune response, inducing a shift toward a Th1-type response. These include [[ginger]]<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Ahui | first = Marie Louise Berthe | last2 = Champy | first2 = Pierre | last3 = Ramadan | first3=Abdulraouf | last4 = Pham Van | first4 = Linh | last5 = Araujo | first5 = Luiza | last6 = Brou André | first6 = Konan | last7 = Diem | first7 = Séverine | last8 = Damotte | first8 = Diane | last9 = Kati-Coulibaly | first9 = Séraphin | date = 2008-12-10 | title = Ginger prevents Th2-mediated immune responses in a mouse model of airway inflammation|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18692598|journal=International Immunopharmacology|volume=8|issue=12|pages=1626–1632|doi=10.1016/j.intimp.2008.07.009|issn=1567-5769|pmid=18692598}}</ref>, [[reishi]]<ref>{{Cite journal | last= Jan | first = Rong-Hwa | last2 = Lin | first2=Teng-Yi | last3 = Hsu | first3 = Ya-Chun | last4 = Lee | first4 = Shiuh-Sheng | last5 = Lo | first5 = Shih-Yen | last6 = Chang | first6 = Mingi | last7 = Chen | first7 = Li-Kuang | last8 = Lin | first8 = Yu-Li | date = 2011 | title = Immuno-modulatory activity of Ganoderma lucidum-derived polysacharide on human monocytoid dendritic cells pulsed with Der p 1 allergen|url=http://bmcimmunol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2172-12-31|journal=BMC Immunology|language=en|volume=12|issue=1|pages=31|doi=10.1186/1471-2172-12-31|issn=1471-2172}}</ref>, [[licorice]]<ref>{{Cite journal | last =Bordbar | first = Narges | author-link = | last2 = Karimi | first2 = Mohammad Hossein | authorlink2 = | last3 = Amirghofran | first3=Zahra | date = Nov 2012 | title = The effect of glycyrrhizin on maturation and T cell stimulating activity of dendritic cells|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23261828|journal=Cellular Immunology|volume=280|issue=1|pages=44–49|doi=10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.11.013|issn=1090-2163|pmid=23261828|quote=|via=}}</ref> and [[astragalus]]<ref>{{Cite journal | last =Wang | first = Gang | author-link = | last2 = Liu | first2 = Chun-tao | authorlink2 = | last3 = Wang | first3 = Zeng-li | author-link3 = | last4 = Yan | first4 = Cun-liang | author-link4 = | last5 = Luo | first5 = Feng-ming | authorlink5 = | last6 = Wang | first6 = Lei | last7 = Li | first7 = Ting-qian | date = Dec 2006 | title = Effects of Astragalus membranaceus in promoting T-helper cell type 1 polarization and interferon-gamma production by up-regulating T-bet expression in patients with asthma|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17361521|journal=Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine|volume=12|issue=4|pages=262–267|issn=1672-0415|pmid=17361521|quote=|via=}}</ref>. These have not been tested for efficacy in [[myalgic encephalomyelitis|ME]] or [[Chronic fatigue syndrome|CFS]] patients. | ||
[[Histamine]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Packard|first=Kathleen A.|author-link= | last2 = Khan|first2=Manzoor M.|date=Jul 2003|title=Effects of histamine on Th1/Th2 cytokine balance|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12810348|journal=International Immunopharmacology|volume=3|issue=7 | pages = 909–920|doi=10.1016/S1567-5769(02)00235-7|issn=1567-5769|pmid=12810348|quote=|via=}}</ref> and [[mold]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Schütze|first=Nicole | last2 = Lehmann|first2=Irina | last3 = Bönisch|first3=Ulrike|last4=Simon|first4=Jan C. | last5 = Polte|first5=Tobias|date=2010-06-01|title=Exposure to mycotoxins increases the allergic immune response in a murine asthma model|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20194814|journal=American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine|volume=181|issue=11|pages=1188–1199|doi=10.1164/rccm.200909-1350OC|issn=1535-4970|pmid=20194814}}</ref> increase a Th2 response. | [[Histamine]]<ref>{{Cite journal | last =Packard | first = Kathleen A. | author-link = | last2 = Khan | first2 = Manzoor M. | date = Jul 2003 | title = Effects of histamine on Th1/Th2 cytokine balance|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12810348|journal=International Immunopharmacology|volume=3|issue=7 | pages = 909–920|doi=10.1016/S1567-5769(02)00235-7|issn=1567-5769|pmid=12810348|quote=|via=}}</ref> and [[mold]]<ref>{{Cite journal | last =Schütze | first = Nicole | last2 = Lehmann | first2=Irina | last3 = Bönisch | first3 = Ulrike | last4 = Simon | first4 = Jan C. | last5 = Polte | first5 = Tobias | date = 2010-06-01 | title = Exposure to mycotoxins increases the allergic immune response in a murine asthma model|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20194814|journal=American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine|volume=181|issue=11|pages=1188–1199|doi=10.1164/rccm.200909-1350OC|issn=1535-4970|pmid=20194814}}</ref> increase a Th2 response. | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
Latest revision as of 11:36, April 3, 2023
T helper (Th) cells play an important role in the adaptive immune system. T helper cells are often distinguished from cytotoxic T cells by the surface antigens CD4 and CD8. T helper cells carry the CD4 surface antigen while cytotoxic T cells carry the CD8 surface antigen. T helper cells and cytotoxic T cells are the best known types of T cells.
Th1[edit | edit source]
Th1 cells are a subset of T helper cells that are involved in cell-mediated immunity against viruses and intracellular bacteria. They are triggered by IL-12, IL-2 and their effector cytokine is IFN-γ. The main effector cells of Th1 immunity are macrophages as well as CD8 T cells, IgG B cells, and IFN-γ CD4 T cells.
Autoimmune diseases characterized by a Th1 immune profile include rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, Sjögren's syndrome and Crohn's disease.[citation needed]
Th2[edit | edit source]
Th2 cells are a subset of T helper cells that are involved in humoral immunity against extracellular parasites, bacteria, toxins and allergens. They are triggered by IL-4 and their effector cytokines are IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-10 and IL-13. The main effector cells are eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells as well as B cells, and IL-4/IL-5 CD4 T cells.
Autoimmune diseases characterized by a Th2 immune profile include Lupus, scleroderma, inflammatory bowel disease, and Asthma.[citation needed] Chronic fatigue syndrome may be characterized by a Th2 cytokine profile.[1][2]
Th17[edit | edit source]
The T-helper cell 17 (Th17) lineage is a recently discovered subset of effector memory T cells.
Modulating the Th1/Th2 balance[edit | edit source]
There are many compounds that have been suggested to suppress a Th2-mediated immune response, inducing a shift toward a Th1-type response. These include ginger[3], reishi[4], licorice[5] and astragalus[6]. These have not been tested for efficacy in ME or CFS patients.
Histamine[7] and mold[8] increase a Th2 response.
See also[edit | edit source]
Learn more[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Skowera, A.; Cleare, A.; Blair, D.; Bevis, L.; Wessely, S.C.; Peakman, M. (February 2004). "High levels of type 2 cytokine-producing cells in chronic fatigue syndrome". Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 135 (2): 294–302. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2004.02354.x. ISSN 0009-9104. PMC 1808936. PMID 14738459.
- ↑ Patarca, Roberto (2001). "Cytokines and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 933 (1): 185–200. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05824.x. ISSN 1749-6632.
- ↑ Ahui, Marie Louise Berthe; Champy, Pierre; Ramadan, Abdulraouf; Pham Van, Linh; Araujo, Luiza; Brou André, Konan; Diem, Séverine; Damotte, Diane; Kati-Coulibaly, Séraphin (December 10, 2008). "Ginger prevents Th2-mediated immune responses in a mouse model of airway inflammation". International Immunopharmacology. 8 (12): 1626–1632. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2008.07.009. ISSN 1567-5769. PMID 18692598.
- ↑ Jan, Rong-Hwa; Lin, Teng-Yi; Hsu, Ya-Chun; Lee, Shiuh-Sheng; Lo, Shih-Yen; Chang, Mingi; Chen, Li-Kuang; Lin, Yu-Li (2011). "Immuno-modulatory activity of Ganoderma lucidum-derived polysacharide on human monocytoid dendritic cells pulsed with Der p 1 allergen". BMC Immunology. 12 (1): 31. doi:10.1186/1471-2172-12-31. ISSN 1471-2172.
- ↑ Bordbar, Narges; Karimi, Mohammad Hossein; Amirghofran, Zahra (November 2012). "The effect of glycyrrhizin on maturation and T cell stimulating activity of dendritic cells". Cellular Immunology. 280 (1): 44–49. doi:10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.11.013. ISSN 1090-2163. PMID 23261828.
- ↑ Wang, Gang; Liu, Chun-tao; Wang, Zeng-li; Yan, Cun-liang; Luo, Feng-ming; Wang, Lei; Li, Ting-qian (December 2006). "Effects of Astragalus membranaceus in promoting T-helper cell type 1 polarization and interferon-gamma production by up-regulating T-bet expression in patients with asthma". Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine. 12 (4): 262–267. ISSN 1672-0415. PMID 17361521.
- ↑ Packard, Kathleen A.; Khan, Manzoor M. (July 2003). "Effects of histamine on Th1/Th2 cytokine balance". International Immunopharmacology. 3 (7): 909–920. doi:10.1016/S1567-5769(02)00235-7. ISSN 1567-5769. PMID 12810348.
- ↑ Schütze, Nicole; Lehmann, Irina; Bönisch, Ulrike; Simon, Jan C.; Polte, Tobias (June 1, 2010). "Exposure to mycotoxins increases the allergic immune response in a murine asthma model". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 181 (11): 1188–1199. doi:10.1164/rccm.200909-1350OC. ISSN 1535-4970. PMID 20194814.
