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Brucella
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'''''Brucella''''' is a bacteria that spreads from animals to humans most commonly through ingesting a [[Food poisoning|contaminated food product]] or direct contact with an infected animal. Human to human contact is very rare.<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.cdc.gov/brucellosis/index.html | title = CDC - Home - Brucellosis | date = 2019-03-08 | website = [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|language=en-us | access-date = 2019-05-04}}</ref> The incidence of confirmed infection in humans in the US hovers just over 100 cases total.<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.cdc.gov/brucellosis/resources/surveillance.html | title = Brucellosis Surveillance {{!}} References and Resources {{!}} Brucellosis {{!}} CDC | date = 2018-10-09 | website = [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|language=en-us | access-date = 2019-05-04}}</ref> The incidence in other parts of the world is higher.<ref>Rubach, M. P., Halliday, J. E. B., Cleaveland, S., & Crump, J.A. (2013). Brucellosis in low-income and middle-income countries. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases, 26(5), 404β412. http://doi.org/10.1097/QCO.0b013e3283638104</ref> ==Characteristics== ''Brucella'' is: *Gram-negative - does not retain a crystal violet stain used in the differentiation process *coccobacilli - has a shape intermediate between cocci (spherical bacteria) and bacilli (rod-shaped bacteria) *non-spore-forming *non-motile *aerobic - grows in the presence of oxygen *zoonotic - spreads to humans from animals ==Classification== There are six species of ''Brucella''. Three can cause serious disease in humans: ''Brucella abortus'', ''Brucella melitensis'' and ''Brucella suis''. One species, ''Brucella canis'' causes mild disease and the other two species have not affected humans.<ref>Alton GG, Forsyth JRL. Brucella. In: Baron S, editor. Medical Microbiology. 4th edition. Galveston (TX): University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston; 1996. Chapter 28. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8572/</ref> ==Brucellosis== The disease caused by a ''brucella'' infection is called [[brucellosis]]. It causes an acute febrile illness associated with rigors, [[Sweating episodes|sweats]], malaise, [[Anorexia and eating disorders|anorexia]], headache, pain in muscles, joint, and/or back, and fatigue. If untreated, it can potentially cause a debilitating chronic infection in humans with reoccurring fevers, arthritis, swelling of the testicle and scrotum area, swelling of the heart (endocarditis), neurologic symptoms (in up to 5% of all cases), chronic fatigue, [[depression]], swelling of the liver and/or spleen.<ref>Rubach, M. P., Halliday, J. E. B., Cleaveland, S., & Crump, J.A. (2013). Brucellosis in low-income and middle-income countries. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases, 26(5), 404β412. http://doi.org/10.1097/QCO.0b013e3283638104</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.cdc.gov/brucellosis/symptoms/index.html | title = Signs and Symptoms {{!}} Brucellosis {{!}} CDC | date = 2018-10-09 | website = [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|language=en-us | access-date = 2019-05-04}}</ref> ==Risk for exposure== The people most at risk for acquiring a ''Brucella'' infection are people who<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.cdc.gov/brucellosis/transmission/index.html | title = Transmission {{!}} Brucellosis {{!}} CDC | date = 2019-03-11 | website = [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|language=en-us | access-date = 2019-05-04}}</ref>: *consume undercooked meat or unpasteurized milk products from an infected animal *slaughterhouse workers *meat-packing plant employees *veterinarians *hunters dressing an infected animal *laboratory workers who handle the bacteria *an infant breastfeeding from an infected mother ==Treatment== Treatment is a combination of broad spectrum antibiotics.<ref>Michael J. Corbel. (1997). Brucellosis: an Overview. ''Emerging Infectious Diseases''. Vol. 3, No. 2, pp 213-221. DOI: 10.3201/eid0302.970219</ref> ==Lean more== *[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2627605/pdf/9204307.pdf Brucellosis: an Overview]<ref>Michael J. Corbel. (1997). Brucellosis: an Overview. ''Emerging Infectious Diseases''. Vol. 3, No. 2, pp 213-221. DOI: 10.3201/eid0302.970219</ref> *[https://www.cdc.gov/brucellosis/index.html CDC website on brucellosis] ==See also== *[[Brucellosis]] ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Infectious agents]] [[Category:Bacteria]]
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