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Coxsackievirus
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'''Coxsackieviruses''' are non-enveloped, positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses from the genus [[enterovirus]], a genus which itself is part of the larger picornavirus family.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book | last = Yin-Murphy|first = Marguerite | last2 = Almond | first2 = Jeffrey W. | date = 1996|editor-last = Baron|editor-first = Samuel | title = Picornaviruses |url =http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7687/|location=Galveston (TX)| publisher = University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston|isbn=978-0-9631172-1-2|pmid=21413259}}</ref> The enterovirus genus also includes human [[echovirus|echoviruses]], [[poliovirus]] and [[Rhinovirus|rhinoviruses]].<ref name=":0" /> Enteroviruses are among the most common and important human pathogens, and ordinarily these viruses are transmitted by the oral-oral or fecal-oral route.<ref>{{Cite web | date = 2020-03-22 | title = Dermatologic Manifestations of Enteroviral Infections: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology | url = https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1134374-overview#a5}}</ref> Coxsackieviruses are divided into the [[Coxsackie A]] group and the [[Coxsackie B]] group. Coxsackie B viruses can sometimes cause persistent [[Non-cytolytic enterovirus|non-cytolytic]] infections, and have been associated with numerous cases of epidemic<ref name="Fegan1983">{{Citation | last = Fegan | first1 = KG | author-link1 = KG Fegan | last2 = Behan | first2 = PO | authorlink2 = Peter Behan | last3 = Bell | first3 = EJ | author-link3 = Eleanor Bell | title = Myalgic encephalomyelitis — report of an epidemic | journal = J R Coll Gen Pract | volume = 33 | issue = 251| pages = 335–337 | date = Jun 1, 1983 | pmid = 6310104 | url = http://bjgp.org/content/33/251/335 }}</ref><ref name="Calder1984">{{Citation | last = Calder | first1 = BD | author-link1 = BD Calder | last2 = Warnock | first2 = PJ | authorlink2 = PJ Warnock | title = Coxsackie B infection in a Scottish general practice | journal = Jrnl Royal Coll Gen Pract | volume = 34 | issue = 258| pages = 15–19 | date = Jan 1984 | pmid = 6319691 | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1959663/ }}</ref> and sporadic<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Yousef|first = G.E. | date = January 1988 | title = CHRONIC ENTEROVIRUS INFECTION IN PATIENTS WITH POSTVIRAL FATIGUE SYNDROME | url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673688927225|journal=The Lancet|volume=| pages=|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last = Nairn | first = C | date = August 1995 | title = Comparison of coxsackie B neutralisation and enteroviral PCR in chronic fatigue patients |url =https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7595406|journal=Journal of Medical Virology|volume=| pages=|via=}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite journal | last = Chia | first = John | date = November 2005 | title = The role of enterovirus in chronic fatigue syndrome | url =https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1770761/|journal=Journal of Clinical Pathology|volume=| pages=|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last = Gow|first = JW | date = | title = Enteroviral RNA sequences detected by polymerase chain reaction in muscle of patients with postviral fatigue syndrome | url =https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1850635|journal=British Medical Journal|volume=| pages=|via=}}</ref> [[myalgic encephalomyelitis]]. == Immune response == In a mouse model of [[myocarditis]], coxsackievirus infection was found to upregulate [[Toll-like receptor]] 4 on mast cells and [[macrophage]]s immediately following infection. It also increased numbers of mast cells.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Fairweather | first = D | date = 2005 | title = Viruses as adjuvants for autoimmunity: evidence from Coxsackievirus-induced myocarditis |url =https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15386590|journal=Rev Med Virol|volume=| pages=|via=}}</ref> == See also == * [[Enterovirus]] * [[Non-cytolytic enterovirus]] * [[List of enterovirus infection studies]] == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Triggers and risk factors]] [[Category:Virology]] [[Category:Enteroviruses]] [[Category:Coxsackieviruses]] [[Category:Picornaviruses]]
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