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Epstein-Barr virus
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==Latency== In healthy adults, the virus remains latent for life in memory [[B cell]]s. It is estimated that one in every one hundred thousand to one million circulating B cells carry EBV.<ref name="Hsu2000">{{Cite journal | last = Hsu | first = J.L. | last2 = Glaser | first2 = S.L. | date = Apr 2000 | title = Epstein-barr virus-associated malignancies: epidemiologic patterns and etiologic implications |url =https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10781747/|journal=Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology|volume=34|issue=1 | pages = 27–53|issn=1040-8428|pmid=10781747}}</ref> In healthy hosts, EBV populations are kept in check by [[CD4+ T cell|CD4<sup>+</sup>]] and [[CD8|CD8<sup>+</sup>]] [[T cell|T-cell]] responses. The equilibrium can be disrupted in individuals with compromised [[immune system]]s such as patients with [[AIDS]] or transplant patients taking immune system suppressing drugs.<ref name="Priatel2014">{{Cite journal | last = Priatel | first = John J | last2 = Chung | first2 = Brian K | last3 = Tsai | first3 = Kevin | last4 = Tan | first4 = Rusung | date = 2014-04-09 | title = Natural killer T cell strategies to combat Epstein–Barr virus infection | url =https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4063158/|journal=Oncoimmunology|volume=3|issue=| pages = e28329|doi=10.4161/onci.28329|issn=2162-4011|pmc=4063158|pmid=25050206|quote=|via=}}</ref> It has been observed that these patients are more susceptible to EBV-related [[cancer]]s, such as certain [[lymphoma]]s and carcinomas.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Pattle | first = Samuel B. | last2 = Farrell | first2 = Paul J. | date = Nov 2006 | title = The role of Epstein-Barr virus in cancer |url =https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17049016|journal=Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy|volume=6|issue=11 | pages = 1193–1205|doi=10.1517/14712598.6.11.1193|issn=1744-7682|pmid=17049016|quote=|via=}}</ref> In immunocompromised patients, EBV can induce lymphoproliferation, [[lymphoma]], and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH).<ref>{{Cite journal | title = Human immunity against EBV—lessons from the clinic | date = 2017-01-20| url = https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20161846|journal=Journal of Experimental Medicine|volume=214|issue=2 | pages = 269–283 | last = Tangye | first = Stuart G. | last2 = Palendira | first2 = Umaimainthan | last3 = Edwards | first3 = Emily S.J.|doi=10.1084/jem.20161846|issn=0022-1007}}</ref> ===Natural killer T cells=== It is thought that [[natural killer T cell]]s (NKT) play a pivotal role in the control of EBV-infected B cells through their recognition of [[CD1d]] expressing cells.<ref name="Priatel2014" />
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