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Female predominant diseases
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== Mechanisms == === Immune system === '''Summary of sex differences in innate and adaptive immune responses'''<ref name="Klein2016">{{Cite journal | title = Sex differences in immune responses | date = Oct 2016| url = https://www.nature.com/articles/nri.2016.90|journal=Nature Reviews. Immunology|volume=16|issue=10 | pages = 626β638 | last = Klein | first = Sabra L. | author-link = | last2 = Flanagan | first2 = Katie L. | authorlink2 = |doi=10.1038/nri.2016.90|pmc=|pmid=27546235|access-date=|issn=1474-1741|quote=|via=}}</ref> {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" !Immune component !Characteristic !In Females (relative to males) |- |'''Innate immune system''' | | |- |[[Toll-like receptor]] (TLR) pathways |[[TLR pathway]] gene expression |Higher |- | |[[Toll-like receptor 7|TLR7]] expression |Higher |- | |[[Interleukin 10]] (IL10) production by [[Toll-like receptor 9|TLR9]]-stimulated [[peripheral blood mononuclear cell]] |Lower |- |[[antigen-presenting cell]]s (APCs) |APC efficiency |Higher |- |[[Dendritic cell]]s |[[Toll-like receptor 7|TLR7]] activity |Higher |- |[[Macrophage]]s |[[Toll-like receptor 4|TLR4]] expression |Lower |- | |Activation |Higher |- | |[[Phagocytic capacity]] |Higher |- | |Pro-inflammatory [[cytokine]] production |Lower |- | |[[Interleukin 10|IL10]] production |Higher |- |[[Neutrophil|Neutrophils]] |[[Phagocytic capacity]] |Higher |- | |[[Toll-like receptor|TLR]] expression |Lower |- |[[Natural killer cell|Natural killer cells]] |NK cell numbers |Lower |- |'''Adaptive immune system''' | | |- |[[Thymus]] |Size of thymus |Smaller |- |[[T cell]]s |[[CD4]] T cell counts |Higher |- | |[[CD4]]/[[CD8]] T cell ratio |Higher |- | |[[CD8]] T cell counts |Lower |- | |Number of activated T cells |Higher |- | |[[T cell]] proliferation |Higher |- | |[[Cytotoxic T cell]] |Increased activity |- | |[[Th1]] versus [[Th2]] cell bias |Th2 cell bias in females, Th1 cell bias in males |- | |[[Regulatory T cell]] numbers |Lower |- |[[B cell]] |B cell numbers |Increased |- | [[Immunoglobulin]]s | Antibody production |Higher |} === Hormones === Women with these diseases may experiencing a worsening of symptoms at specific points in their [[menstrual cycle]], particularly just before or around their periods.<ref name="Zierau2012">{{Cite journal | title = Role of female sex hormones, estradiol and progesterone, in mast cell behavior | date = 2012-06-19| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3377947/|journal=Frontiers in Immunology|volume=3 | pages = 169 | last = Zierau | first = Oliver | last2 = Zenclussen | first2 = Ana C. | last3 = Jensen | first3 = Federico|doi=10.3389/fimmu.2012.00169|pmc=3377947|pmid=22723800|issn=1664-3224}}</ref> [[Estradiol]] and [[progesterone]] induce [[mast cell]] maturation and degranulation,<ref name="Zierau2012" /> which may contribute to the symptoms of a wide range of allergic and mast cell-mediated diseases. === Genetics ===
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