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Phenylalanine
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{{Stub}} '''Phenylalanine''', often sold as '''L-phenylalanine''' or '''DL-phenylalanine''', is an essential amino acid that is normally converted to [[tyrosine]].<ref name="mw-dictionary">{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/phenylalanine | title = Definition of PHENYLALANINE|website=Merrian-Webster Dictionary|language=en|access-date=2021-03-07}}</ref><ref name="drugbank">{{Cite web|url=https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB00120 | title = Phenylalanine|website=go.drugbank.com|access-date=2021-03-07}}</ref><ref name="pubchem">{{Cite web|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/994 | title = DL-Phenylalanine | last = PubChem|website=pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|language=en|access-date=2021-03-07}}</ref> ==Theory == McGregor (2019) found that in people with [[ME/CFS]], the 7-day severity of [[post-exertional malaise]] (PEM) and the 12-month frequency of PEM scores correlated with blood glucose levels, and negatively correlated with [[hypoxanthine]], phenylalanine, [[lactate]] and [[threonine]].<ref name="McGregor2019" /> ==Evidence== ==Risks and safety== Phenylalanine is generally recognized as safe, except for people with phenylketonuria (PKU), a genetic disorder that prevents the metabolism of phenylalanine.<ref name="pubchem" /> Phenylalanine is found in many different foods. ==Costs and availability== Inexpensive and available over the counter as a nutritional supplement. ==Notable studies == *2016, Metabolic profiling indicates impaired pyruvate dehydrogenase function in myalgic encephalopathy/chronic fatigue syndrome<ref name="Fluge, 2016">{{Cite journal | last1 = Fluge | first1 = Øystein | authorlink1 = Øystein Fluge | last2 = Mella | first2 = Olav | authorlink2 = Olav Mella | last3 = Bruland | first3 = Ove | authorlink3 = | last4 = Risa | first4 = Kristin | authorlink4 = | last5 = Dyrstad | first5 = Sissel E. | authorlink5 = | last6 = Alme | first6 = Kine | authorlink6 = | last7 = Rekeland | first7 = Ingrid G. | authorlink7 = | last8 = Sapkota | first8 = Dipak | authorlink8 = | last9 = Røsland | first9 = Gro V. | authorlink9 = | last10 = Fosså | first10 = Alexander | authorlink10 = | last11 = Ktoridou-Valen | first11 = Irini | authorlink11 = | last12 = Lunde | first12 = Sigrid | authorlink12 = | last13 = Sørland | first13 = Kari | authorlink13 = | last14 = Lien | first14 = Katarina | authorlink14 = | last15 = Herder | first15 = Ingrid | authorlink15 = | last16 = Thürmer | first16 = Hanne | authorlink16 = | last17 = Gotaas | first17 = Merete E. | authorlink17 = | last18 = Baranowska | first18 = Katarzyna A. | authorlink18 = | last19 = Bohnen | first19 = Louis M.L.J. | authorlink19 = | last20 = Schäfer | first20 = Christoph | authorlink20 = | last21 = McCann | first21 = Adrian | authorlink21 = | last22 = Sommerfelt | first22 = Kristian | authorlink22 = | last23 = Helgeland | first23 = Lars | authorlink23 = | last24 = Ueland | first24 = Per M. | authorlink24 = | last25 = Dahl | first25 = Olav | authorlink25 = | last26 = Tronstad | first26 = Karl J. | authorlink26 = Karl Tronstad| title = Metabolic profiling indicates impaired pyruvate dehydrogenase function in myalgic encephalopathy/chronic fatigue syndrome| journal = JCI Insight | volume = 1 | issue = 21 | page = e89376 | date = 2016 | pmid = | doi = 10.1172/jci.insight.89376 |url=https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.89376|pages = |chapter= |edition= |isbn=}}</ref> [https://insight.jci.org/articles/view/89376 (Full Text)] *1977, DL-phenylalanine in depressed patients: An open study<ref name="Beckmann1977">{{Cite journal | title = Dl-phenylalanine in depressed patients: An open study | date = 1977-06-01|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01670277|journal=Journal of Neural Transmission|volume=41|issue=2|pages=123–134 | last = Beckmann | first = H. | last2 = Strauss | first2 = M.A. | last3 = Ludolph | first3 = E.|language=en|doi=10.1007/BF01670277|issn=1435-1463}}</ref> [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01670277 (Abstract)] *2019, Post-exertional malaise is associated with hypermetabolism, hypoacetylation and purine metabolism deregulation in ME/CFS cases<ref name="McGregor2019">{{Cite journal | last = McGregor | first = Neil R. | author-link = Neil McGregor | last2 = Armstrong | first2 = Christopher W. | authorlink2 = Christopher Armstrong | last3 = Lewis | first3 = Donald P. | authorlink3 = Donald Lewis | last4 = Gooley | first4 = Paul R. | authorlink4 = Paul Gooley | date = Sep 2019 | title = Post-Exertional Malaise Is Associated with Hypermetabolism, Hypoacetylation and Purine Metabolism Deregulation in ME/CFS Cases|url=https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/9/3/70|journal=Diagnostics|language=en|volume=9|issue=3 | pages = 70|doi=10.3390/diagnostics9030070|pmc= |pmid= |access-date= |quote= |via=}}</ref> - [https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/9/3/70 (Full text)] ==See also == *[[Tyrosine]] *[[Depression]] ==Learn more == *[https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB00120 L-Phenylalanine] - DrugBank Online *[https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/DL-Phenylalanine L-Phenylalanine] - PubChem ==References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Potential treatments]] [[Category:Amino acids]] [[Category:Supplements]] [[Category:Methylation]]
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