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Diagnostic biomarker
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===MicroRNA (miRNA)=== [[microRNA]] (miRNA) are molecules involved in [[gene expression]]. (Note:MicroRNA are different from [[Messenger RNA|mRNA]] which stands for messenger RNA.) A 2016 study by Petty, et al found that "four upregulated miRNA were suitable markers to resolve [[CFS/ME]] subjects from a matched control cohort."<ref name="Petty, 2016" /> A 2012 study by [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22572093 Brenu, et al] found the expression of eight specific miRNAs "significantly decreased in NK cells of CFS/ME patients in comparison to the non-fatigued controls" and one specific miRNA was significantly downregulated in "both the NK and CD8(+)T cells in the CFS/ME sufferers."<ref name="Brenu, 2012" /> In 2015, [[Griffith University]] filed for a patent for a biological marker (Patent Publication number WO2016023077 A1) for the diagnosis and management of ME and CFS. [[Sonya Marshall-Gradisnik]] and [[Ekua Brenu]] are listed as the inventors. The patent application states: "The present invention resides broadly in the use of at least one miRNA as a biological marker for identifying or diagnosing a subject having CFS and/or ME."<ref>{{Citation | title = Biological markers |url =https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2016023077A1/en|language=en|access-date=2020-02-04}}</ref> In 2016, Griffith University's Professor [[Donald Staines]] and Professor [[Sonya Marshall-Gradisnik]] announced that they have been awarded a $4-million grant to be administered during the next five years that will enable them to continue research into developing a diagnostic test for ME/CFS.<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.goldcoastbulletin.com.au/lifestyle/gold-coast-team-getting-closer-to-discovering-test-for-chronic-fatigue-syndrom/news-story/1627b3fcc41c53efac927200a53cc756 | title = Coast team zeroing in on CFS test | date = 2016-12-01 | website = goldcoastbulletin.com.au|language=en|access-date=2020-02-04}}</ref> Almenar-Pérez et al (2020) analyzed microRNAs from both [[peripheral blood mononuclear cell]]s and extracellular vesicles in 15 severely ill myalgic encephalomyelitis/<wbr>chronic fatigue syndrome patients, finding underexpression of [[AGO2]] and [[MECP2]] and elevated levels of [[NTRK#NTRK1|NTRK1]].<ref name="AlmenarPerez2020">{{Cite journal | last = Almenar-Pérez|first = Eloy | authorlink = | last2 = Sarría | first2 = Leonor | authorlink2 = | last3 = Nathanson | first3 = Lubov | authorlink3 = Lubov Nathanson | last4 = Oltra | first4 = Elisa | authorlink4 = Elisa Oltra | date = 2020-02-07 | title = Assessing diagnostic value of microRNAs from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and extracellular vesicles in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | url =https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-58506-5|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=10|issue=1 | pages = 1–15|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-58506-5|issn=2045-2322|pmc=|pmid=|access-date=Feb 12, 2020|quote=|via=}}</ref> Although the science of using the detection of different miRNAs for disease confirmation is still in its infancy. There are no established baseline data for miRNAs among normal individuals, which would be necessary for using miRNA levels as biomarkers.<ref name="Tonge, 2016" /> The findings in the studies published in March 2016 and January 2020 need to be validated through replication by other studies. The 2020 involved only severely ill women, and would need to be validated for use in children, men and those who are not severely ill. The [[Griffith University]] test has not been released for public use to date.
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